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AY , , AN URRENT NT ST STATUS OF AND CONDITIONS TH CO THAT OY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
AY , , AN URRENT NT ST STATUS OF AND CONDITIONS TH CO THAT OY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
C URRE OF A PA PALACHICOLA B AY AY , , AN URRENT NT ST STATUS OF AND CONDITIONS TH CO THAT OY OYSTERS NE NEED TO TO TH THRIVE San andra B a Brooke P Ph.D. ABSI S Science D Director Resear arch F Fac aculty, F FSUCML M ARCH 11,
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INTERTIDAL HABITAT MAPS
FSUCML-ABSI 2020 Grizzle et al 2018
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SUBTIDAL HABITAT MAPS
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ANERR Aquatic Preserve
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ANERR Aquatic Preserve
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ANERR Aquatic Preserve
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sept 2019
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Oct 2019
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Nov 2019
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Dec 2019
Alligator Harbor Salinity
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INTERTIDAL HABITAT MAPS
Grizzle et al 2018
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INTERTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
Intertidal (Grizzle et al 2018)
Density = 34 m-2 Density = 429 m-2 Density = 993 m-2
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Intertidal (Grizzle et al 2018)
Density = 34 m-2 Density = 429 m-2 Density = 993 m-2
FWC data show that live oyster densities on the subtidal reefs averaged ~17 oysters m2 FWC surveys of subtidal reefs in 2016 found only 66 of 161 sampling stations on mapped reefs had oysters
INTERTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
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SUBTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
- M. Parker FWRI unpubl data.
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SUBTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
Winter West
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
- M. Parker FWRI unpubl data.
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SUBTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
Summer
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Winter West
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
- M. Parker FWRI unpubl data.
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SUBTIDAL OYSTER DISTRIBUTION
Summer
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Winter West
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Winter East
J a n 2 1 5 J u l 2 1 5 J a n 2 1 6 J u l 2 1 6 J a n 2 1 7 J u l 2 1 7 J a n 2 1 8 J u l 2 1 8 J a n 2 1 9 J u l 2 1 9 J a n 2 2
Oysters / m2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
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SUBTIDAL OYSTER RECRUITS
Winter West
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
10 20 30 40 50
- M. Parker FWRI unpubl data.
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Winter West
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
10 20 30 40 50
Summer
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
50
- M. Parker FWRI unpubl data.
SUBTIDAL OYSTER RECRUITS
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Winter West
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
10 20 30 40 50
Summer
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
50
Winter East
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017 Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020
Spat / Shell
10 20 30 40 50
SUBTIDAL OYSTER RECRUITS
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OYSTER HARVEST DATA
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RE-SHELLING/RESTORATION
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FISHERY SPECIES
Silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura) Data from FWC FIM surveys
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FISHERY SPECIES
Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus spp) Data from FWC FIM surveys
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FISHERY SPECIES
Mullet (Mugil cephalus) Data from FWC FIM surveys
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NON-FISHERY SPECIES
Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) Data from FWC FIM surveys
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NON-FISHERY SPECIES
Gobies (Gobiosoma spp) Data from FWC FIM surveys
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BASELINE DATA
Habitat maps Environmental conditions Oyster distribution Oyster harvest data Re-shelling/restoration Fishery species Non-fishery species Hydrology Ecological function Ecosystem services De Definition: Baseline data serves as the foundation of most research projects. It is the information generated before a study, to compare with results after the study.
SOME ELEMENTS OF ABSI BASELINE DATA
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Causes of Oyster Declines in Gulf of Mexico
- Overharvesting
- Habitat loss
- High salinities/reduced freshwater input
- Predation
- Diseases
- Climate change?
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Characteristic Estuarine location
Head Middle Lower Mouth
Salinity (ppt) Average Range 10 0-15 15 10-20 25 10-30 30 20-35 Spat settlement Low Moderate-heavy Moderate Low Growth rate Slow-rapid Moderate-rapid Rapid Slow Habitat suitability Low Maximum Moderate Low Probability of flood High Low-moderate Low Negligible Predator abundance Low Low-moderate Moderate High Fouling organisms Low Moderate Maximum High Annual mortality rate High Low-moderate High High Production potential Low Moderate-high Moderate Negligible
What do oysters need to thrive?
Oyster habitat suitability varies with location in an estuary
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Characteristic Location within estuary
Head Middle Lower Mouth
Salinity (ppt) Average Range 10 0-15 15 10-20 25 10-30 30 20-35 Spat settlement Low Moderate-heavy Moderate Low Growth rate Slow-rapid Moderate-rapid Rapid Slow Habitat suitability Low Maximum Moderate Low Probability of flood High Low-moderate Low Negligible Predator abundance Low Low-moderate Moderate High Fouling organisms Low Moderate Maximum High Annual mortality rate High Low-moderate High High Production potential Low Moderate-high Moderate Negligible
What do oysters need to thrive?
Oyster habitat suitability varies with location in an estuary
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Lake Lanier
Reduced freshwater flows
Sources of freshwater loss:
- Atlanta removes 2 billion liters/day
- Agricultural withdrawals elsewhere
- Severe drought US SE (2007-2014)
2007
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Low to moderate salinity predators
Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) Cownose ray (Rhinotera bonasus) Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus)
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Atlantic oyster drill (Thais haemastoma )
- Oyster drills are the most important oyster predators
in the Gulf of Mexico
- Can destroy > 50% of a population in waters > 15 ppt
- Populations can be very high
- Drills prefer spat and small adults
Oyster ‘leeches’ (Stylochus inimicus)
- This is a flatworm not a leech.
- Enter between the mantle and shell and consume tissue.
- Oysters generate partitions to keep them away from soft
tissue
- Worms can tolerate extreme high (40oC) and low (1oC)
temperatures
- They cannot tolerate low salinity
High salinity predators
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Stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) Black drum (Pogonias cromis)
Effects of mobile predators are more difficult to assess than more sessile predators Predation by mobile organisms increases with high salinity.
crabs consume any size oyster they can break open Black drum consume small-medium
- ysters
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Shell damage reduces market value
Boring sponge (Cliona sp)
- Bores into the shell and looks unattractive
- Weakened shells break apart on shucking
- Heavy infestations may cause mortality by creating pathways for predators
- Problem in > 15 ppt salinity
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Oyster Diseases: Dermo (Perkinsus marinus)
Healthy Infected with Dermo
Single-celled protozoan Infection peaks at age 1-2 years Causes cell death, reduced reproduction and mortality High infestations can devastate
- yster populations, especially
- largest. Disease may become
self-limiting Not lethal at low levels
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Seasonal cycles of Dermo infection
Spring: Infective spores appear Summer: Infections observed Fall: Peak infections and mortality Late winter-early spring: Infections low but parasites overwinter and appear in spring
Te Tempe mperatur rature and salinity ar and salinity are most impor most important f tant factor actors f s for inf
- r infection
ction
High temp (18oC/65oF) and salinity (>15 ppt) – parasite increases rapidly Low temp (15oC/59oF) and salinity (<9 ppt ) – parasite infection is low.
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Temperature increase Cause stress and increase disease incidence Rainfall changes Increased storm events – periods of very low salinity Drought – high salinity Changes nutrient dynamics Changes in carbonate chemistry Carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean affects oysters ability to build shells. Pacific NW oyster growers bankrupted 2006-2008.
Climate change
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How can we help preserve oyster habitats and fisheries
Understand how shifting conditions affect oyster biology and ecology Maintain and restore watersheds to support healthy estuaries Continue restoration efforts for natural reefs Remove local stressors to maintain ecosystem resilience
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