SLIDE 1 Assumptions
- Matter constitutes of: Atoms, Ions and Molecules
- Particles may attract or repel each other & hence the
following particle systems can be formed: Solid Liquid Gas
- Importance of bonding energy (Ionic, covalent
bonds, dipole interaction)
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 3
SLIDE 2 Elementary particles
Element is composed of atoms (e, p, n) Neutral Charged (ions) Cations Mg+2, Na+
,
Anions Cl-, O-2 Simple ions Poly atom ions CO3
Sharing of a pair of electrons binds atoms together a new kind
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 4
Atoms Na, Mg, C, N, O, H CH4, NH3, HCl,
SLIDE 3
Particle Systems
Dry Soil Saturated soil Partially saturated Soil Single phase system Two phase system Three phase system Solid Liquid Gas Stress-strain relationship (Load-Deformation process) depends on the binding behavior of two or more particles Flow of water through the soil & water content Are dependent on the energies between particles
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 5
SLIDE 4
Phenomena of Solid-liquid-gas at interface
Multiphase interface Solid-solid Liquid-liquid Gas-gas Two phase interface Single phase interface Solid-liquid Solid-gas Gas-Liquid Solid-liquid-gas
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 6
SLIDE 5
Types of Energy Fields
Mechanical Energy Field (K.E. and P.E.) Particles react differently in various energy fields Most widely used in Geotechnical Engg. Surface force & Body force (Gravity)
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 7
Loading of soil mass results in high density & low volume (combination of K.E., P.E., Thermal Energy (friction between particles), Sound & Light Energies----due to crushing of grains) Total Energy of the soil mass changes (i.e. change in orientation of soil particles) Compression of gases in voids, more dissolution of gases in pore solution, elastic strains of soil grains, characteristics of double layer
SLIDE 6
Types of Energy Fields
Mechanical Energy Field (K.E. and P.E.) Particles react differently in various energy fields Surface force & Body force (Gravity)
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 8
Thermal Energy Field Electrical Energy Field Magnetic Energy Field Radiation Energy Field Long-term interaction
SLIDE 7
IIT Bombay
Mechanical Energy Field Potential Energy (Position) and Kinetic Energy (Motion) Potential Energy is stored within a physical system. Can be released or converted into other forms of energy, say Kinetic Energy. Types of PE: (each is associated with a particular kind of force).
Elastic force is Elastic Potential Energy. Gravitational force is Gravitational Potential Energy Coulomb force is Electric Potential Energy Nuclear force is Nuclear Potential Energy
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 9
SLIDE 8
IIT Bombay Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 10
Potential Energy Compaction Consolidation Distortion Bending Crushing Kneading Shearing Kinetic Energy Movement of water through porous media Vibration
SLIDE 9 IIT Bombay
Mechanical Energy Field
- All short term processes
- Ignore influence of the Environment
Load, Deformation, Velocity, Weight, Mass, Wave, Sound Foundation design Flow through porous media Acid rains Toxic/Hazardous wastes Nuclear waste storage/containment Land slides Earthquakes
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 11
Governing Laws
- Darcy’s
- Hook’s
- Newton’s
- Law of motion
SLIDE 10 IIT Bombay
Thermal Energy Field
- Includes the influence of the Environment
Hydration, Heat of Wetting, Heat of Contact, Heat of sublimation, Thermo-osmosis Freeze-thaw Wetting-drying cycle Fire in mines/underground Thermal/ Desiccation cracks
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 12
Governing Laws
- Gas law
- Fourier’s law
- Laws of Thermodynamics
SLIDE 11
IIT Bombay
Basic characteristics of Thermal Energy Field Additional forces are produced when water is added to dry or partially saturated soils ---Environmental forces/stresses Heat transfer due to thermal field affects soil-water-air behavior State of matter, existing in the thermal energy field, changes as a function of change in temperature Liquid to Gas (Heat of Vaporization) Liquid to Solid (Heat of Fusion) Solid to Gas (Heat of Sublimation) Depends upon Energy input/release
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 13
SLIDE 12 IIT Bombay
Electrical Energy Field
- Includes the influence of the Environment
Polarization, Electromotive force, Electrical conductivity Creep Viscosity Stress hardening & softening Aging effect Contaminant Migration Site-remediation Electro-kinetics Electro-osmosis
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 14
Governing Laws
- Coulomb's law
- Joule’s law
- Ohm’s laws
- Ampere’s law
SLIDE 13 IIT Bombay
Magnetic Energy Field
- Includes the influence of the Environment
Electromagnet, Ferro-magnet, Electromagnetic induction, Electromagnetic waves FDR/TDR probes For soil mass characterization Volumetric moisture content
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 15
Governing Laws
- Faraday's law
- Lenz’s law
- Bio-savart’s law
- Gauss’s law
SLIDE 14
IIT Bombay
Applications of Electromagnetic Field Various disciplines. X-rays are high frequency electromagnetic radiations and are used in radio astronomy, radiography in medicine and radiometry in tele-communications Laser therapy, which is an example of photo-medicine. Applications of Lasers: Laser-guided bombs Barcode readers Laser therapy
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 16
SLIDE 15 IIT Bombay
Radiation Energy Field
- Includes the influence of the Environment
Decay process, Radioactivity, Nuclear reaction
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh Slide 17
Governing Laws
- Nuclear physics
- Atomic physics
SLIDE 16
Environment (Natural and Man Made)
Electrical Energy Field Magnetic Energy Field Mechanical Energy Field Thermal Energy Field Radiation Energy Field 1 2 3 4 1 Electro-viscous effect 2 Thermo-Electric effect 3 Electro-magnetic effect 4 Electro-magnetic radiation
Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 12-13-14 D N Singh IIT Bombay Slide 18
