April 6 th , 2015 Todays Agenda Distraction from Technology While - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Distracted Driving from Technology

Meeting number 7

April 6th, 2015

Today’s Agenda

Distraction from Technology While Driving

• Distraction from Hands-Free Systems
• Enforcing Distracted Driving Laws
• Q & A

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Meeting Orientation Slide

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Presenters

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• Dr. David Strayer

Department of Psychology University of Utah

The Science (and Politics) Behind Distracted Driving

David Strayer

University of Utah

Distracted Driving – The Early Years

Proposed Car Radio Bans

• In 1930, legislation was proposed in Massachusetts to ban radios while driving
• An Auto Club of New England poll in 1934 found that 56% of respondents

deemed the car radio a dangerous distraction

And Then Came the Phone

Today’s Automobile Dashboard

Motor Vehicle Crash Statistics

• No. 1 cause of accidental death
• Leading cause of death for people 1 to 35
• Over 30,000 people killed in crashes

every year in the US

• More than 2 million injuries from crashes

in 2008 in the US Distractions now join alcohol and speeding as leading factors in fatal and serious injury crashes.

What is Multitasking?

• Multitasking is defined as the concurrent performance of two or

more functionally independent tasks with each of the tasks having unique goals involving distinct stimuli, mental transformation, and response outputs.

• Task 1:
• Driving
• Task 2:
• Reading a book
• Reading on Kindle
• Talking on a cell phone

A Multitasking Example

• Recite letters A-I as fast as you can
• Recite numbers 1-9 as fast as you can
• Now recite A, 1, B, 2… as fast as you can
• Which is longer?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Task 1 Task 2

Task Switching Costs

You actually perform only one task at time You incur switching costs whilst multitasking

Multitasking and Driving

“Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves.”

• - Albert Einstein

FACT: Most simply cannot successfully perform two or more tasks simultaneously without declines in performance

An Example of Cognitive Distraction

Did You See the Juggling Clown?

Developing a Metric of Cognitive Distraction

• Problem: Measuring cognitive distraction is notoriously difficult
• Objective: Develop robust instrument of cognitive distraction
• Older technologies (e.g., radio, cell phone, etc.)
• Newer technologies (e.g., speech-based in-vehicle communication)
• Standardized rating system
• Similar to other rating systems (e.g., Richter, Saffir-Simpson, etc.) where

higher ratings are indicative of greater cognitive distraction

The Driver Distraction Triad

Manual

Visual Cognitive High Low Moderate Eyes off the Road Hands off the Wheel Mind off the Drive

SPIDER and Situation Awareness

• Scanning specific areas for

indications of threats

• Predicting where threats might

materialize if they are not visible

• Identifying threats and objects in

the scenario when they occur

• Deciding whether an action is

necessary and what action is necessary

• Executing appropriate Responses

S P I D ER

Situation Awareness Relative Risk

• f a Crash

Limited Capacity Attention

From Strayer (2015) Attention and Driving

The Three Experiments

Measuring Cognitive Distraction: Phase I

• Phase I Study Objectives:
• Develop robust cognitive distraction scale for

1) Single-task (undistracted driving – Category 1) 2) Radio 3) Audio book 4) Passenger conversation 5) Hand-held cell phone conversation 6) Hands-free cell phone conversation 7) Speech-to-text email/text (perfect fidelity) 8) OSPAN (high workload memory/math task – Category 5)

Measures of Cognitive Distraction

Workload

Primary Secondary Subjective Physiological

Cognitive Distraction Scale: Phase I

Single Radio Audio Book Passenger Hand-held Hands-free Speech-to-Text OSPAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 Workload Rating

Fini

Presenters

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Annie Kirk Target Zero Task Force Manager King County

UW MEDICINE │ INJURY CONTROL

DISTRACTED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT: HOLDING BACK THE TIDE

Annie Kirk, MPH

Public Health - Seattle & King County

Beth Ebel, MD, MSc, MPH

Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital

April 6, 2015

Goal:

Identify strategies for improving implementation and enforcement of distracted driving legislation

Aims:

1. Identify behavioral factors for effective enforcement of distracted driving legislation 2. Develop measurement framework for distracted driving behaviors in target counties; incorporate these data into public health law database 3. Implement and evaluate randomized controlled trial to improve enforcement and reduce distracted driving

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• 1. Identify behavioral factors for

enforcement of distracted driving laws

• Conducted focus groups with county law

enforcement officers and key stakeholders across 3 counties

STUDY DESIGN

OFFICER FOCUS GROUPS

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• Emphasize parallels between

distracted and impaired driving

• Drivers already know laws

and risks

• Various levels of

enforcement within & between agencies

• Opportunities to update state

laws

[After pulling over a driver, he waved to let me know]…. “I know you’re back there, but I’ve got to finish this phone conversation.” - officer

MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK

Observed distracted driving

3 intervention counties 3 control counties (RCT)

Police crash records

Washington State

Court Citation Records

3 intervention counties 3 control counties (Text, Talk, Inattention)

County Citations for Distracted Driving 2010-2012

(per 1000 licensed drivers)

Observed Distracted Driving 2013

(% of drivers at controlled intersections)

Cell phone citations Texting citations Snohomish 18.0 0.76 4.3 King County 8.3 0.42 9.0 Yakima 8.0 0.20 8.6 Spokane 7.7 0.29 14.5 Whatcom 7.5 0.33 12.5 Pierce 6.2 0.61 5.4

DISTRACTED DRIVING CITATIONS AND OBSERVED BEHAVIOR, 6 COUNTIES

Design:

• 7900 drivers observed at

controlled intersections in 6 large counties

Results:

• Nearly 1 in 10 drivers

(9.2%) were using cell phones or texting behind the wheel

DISTRACTED DRIVING STUDY

TEXTING AND TALKING AMONG DRIVERS USING A PORTABLE WIRELESS DEVICE

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Intervention Counties

King Whatcom Yakima

Control Counties

Snohomish Pierce Spokane Randomization Observations 2013 Observations 2013 Observations 2014 Observations 2014 Report cards on observations Enforcement outreach Media intervention Boards of Health

INTERVENTION STRATEGY

• Strengthen county

surveillance

• Improve county enforcement
• Prosecutorial outreach
• Educate Washington Drivers

4.88% 7.16% 7.51% 7.06%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

Jan-13 Jan-14

Control counties Intervention Counties

OBSERVED DISTRACTED DRIVING (PHONE TO EAR, TEXTING)

4.88% 7.16% 7.51% 7.06%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

Jan-13 Jan-14

Control counties Intervention Counties

OBSERVED DISTRACTED DRIVING (PHONE TO EAR, TEXTING)

change in distraction, intervention vs. control counties: (p=0.04)

DATA INFORMING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

SB 5656 considered in 2015

• Ban all handheld use
• Clarify definition of driving
• Address all forms of electronic

data

• Increased penalties for repeat
• ffenders
• Include distracted driving in

driver’s test

• 1. Strengthen public health

efforts to support effective enforcement of distracted driving laws

• 2. Sustainability: ongoing

measurement and distribution

• f distracted driving data

3. Adopt policies and consequences to limit distracted driving in the performance of county work 4. Led to proposals to update Washington’s cell phone distracted driving laws

DISTRACTED DRIVING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

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UW MEDICINE │ INJURY CONTROL

QUESTIONS?

Upcoming Webinars & Reminders

• May: Team Updates & Discussions
• June: Training, Education &Teen Brain Development
• July: Drowsy Driving

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