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UNDERSTANDING GENETIC DIVERSITY, A PILLAR FOR INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
Antoine KREMER INRA UMR BIOGECO SYMPOSIUM Stockholm, September 29th 2006
Antoine Kremer Antoine Kremer France France Recipient of the 2006 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Antoine Kremer Antoine Kremer France France Recipient of the 2006 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Antoine Kremer Antoine Kremer France France Recipient of the 2006 Marcus Wallenberg Recipient of the 2006 Marcus Wallenberg Prize Prize UNDERSTANDING GENETIC DIVERSITY, A PILLAR FOR INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT Antoine KREMER
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WHAT IS GENETIC DIVERSITY ?
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HOW DOES GENETIC DIVERSITY BUILD UP ?
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HOW CAN GENETIC DIVERSITY BE IMPLEMENTED IN FOREST MANAGEMENT ?
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1
WHAT IS GENETIC DIVERSITY ?
DNA PROTEINS PHENOTYPES A T G C
http://www.p450.kvl.dk/gallery/
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GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TREES DNA level
2 4 6 8 10
Human Glycine max L. Merr. Pinus radiata Pinus pinaster Pinus taeda Arabidopsis thaliana Beta vulgaris Quercus petraea Zea mais Pseudotsuga menziesii
πm x 10-3
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GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TREES Protein level Quercus petraea 0.265 Picea 0.219 Pseudotsuga 0.201 Eucalyptus 0.187 Quercus 0.186 Populus 0.177 Pinus 0.157 Alnus 0.145 Plants 0.104 Invertebrates 0.100 Vertebrates 0.079 Homo sapiens 0.060
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WHY ARE TREES SO DIVERSE ? THEORETICAL EXPECTATIONS
Lower mutation rates Large populations High gene flow
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HOW DOES IT BUILD UP ?
Lifetime of a tree species ≈ 50 Million years TREES ACCUMULATE DIVERSITY !! They do not lose it
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UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN EUROPEAN TREES: RECENT RESULTS GEOGRAPHY VS HISTORY ? NATURAL PROCESSES VS HUMAN INTERFERENCES ? PACE OF EVOLUTION
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GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE DURING MILANKOVITCH CYCLES Maximum glacial Interglacial periods Glacial periods ≈ 100 000 Years Interglacial periods ≈ 20 000 Years
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OAK GLACIAL REFUGIA INFERRED FROM POLLEN DEPOSITS
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LESSONS AND RESULTS FROM PANEUROPEAN INVESTIGATIONS REFUGIAL IMPRINTS : Northern vs Southern populations GENETIC ISOLATION OF REFUGIA: East- West differentiation COLONIZATION DYNAMICS GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS: Alps, Carpathians
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22 species
28
25 forests
CYTOFOR REFUGIAL IMPRINTS : Northern vs Southern populations
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Fraxinus excelsior
GENETIC ISOLATION OF REFUGIA: East- West differentiation CpDNA diversity in Fraxinus excelsior (Ash)
Heuertz et al, 2004 Molecular Ecology 13:11, 3437-3452
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MIGRATION SPEED INFERRED FROM POLLEN DEPOSITS COLONIZATION DYNAMICS
Birks, Journal of Biogeography 1986,16:533-540
Brewer et al. 2002 156: 5-26
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COLONIZATION DYNAMICS
- 1. Diffusion
- 1. Diffusion
dispersion law = N(0, sd1 = 250 m) speed = 100 meters/year
2.
- 2. Diffusion + dispersion
Diffusion + dispersion at at long distances long distances
law= N(0, sd1= 250 m) + 5*10-6 N(0, sd2=50 km) speed= 400 meters/year
Le Corre et al. 1997 Genet Res 69:117-125
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COLONIZATION DYNAMICS
Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129
Founder effects detected by the distribution of cpDNA Oak haplotypes in France
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GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS: Alps, Pyrénées, Carpathians
Simulation of recolonization
Le Corre, 1997
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40% of simulations 25% of simulations
Le Corre, 1997
Magri et al, 2006 New Phytologist, 171: 199-221
Petit et al, 2002, Forest Ecology & Management 156: 5-26
OAKS BEECH
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PACE OF EVOLUTION
PHENOTYPES A T G C DNA
http://www.p450.kvl. dk/gallery/
PROTEINS RAPID SINCE TIME OF INSTALLATION SLOW SINCE LAST GLACIATION
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PACE OF EVOLUTION in Sessile oak
Early populations Late populations
CpDNA variation in Q. petraea Bud burst variation in
- Q. petraea
Ducousso et al. 1996: Ann. Sci. For. 53:775-782
Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129
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PACE OF EVOLUTION in Norway spruce
8000 BP 7000 BP 6000 BP 5000 BP 4000 BP 3000 BP 2000 BP 1000 BP Aujourd’hui 56 N° 66 N° Hannerz et al. 2000 Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 15:313 56 N° 66 N° 66 N° 56 N°
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GENETIC DIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICAL VALUE EVOLUTIONARY VALUE IDENTITY VALUE BENEFIT FITNESS PASSPORT DATA DNA PROTEINS PHENOTYPES
PATRIMONIAL SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY
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GENETIC DIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICAL VALUE EVOLUTIONARY VALUE IDENTITY VALUE BENEFIT FITNESS PASSPORT DATA DNA
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PROTEINS
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PHENOTYPES
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P1 P2 P3
X X X
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 10 20 30 40 50 60 calendar year width (mm)
3 2 1
EVOLUTION OF RING WIDTH IN BREEDING POPULATIONS OF MARITIME PINE
Bouffier et al, 2006 in prep
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Relationship heterozygosity – Adaptation in beech
INTRA TREE DIVERSITY: INDIVIDUAL HETEROZYGOSITY INCREASE ADAPTABILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
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Relationship heterozygosity – Adaptation in beech
Altitude Ha Tolerant Ha Sensitive 1 230-250 25.4 22.6 2 450-500 28.9 22.6 3 550-600 24.2 19.5 4 850-900 28.3 20.3 5 810-830 31.4 27.4 6 770-870 27.7 22.4 1 3 4 5 6 2
14 to 17 isozyme loci Müller-Starck G. 1988 in « Genetic effects of air pollutants in forest tree populations » p 127-141
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MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTING
Certification Diagnostic Regulations
Fingerprinting of living tissues Fingerprinting of wood Fingerprinting of fossil remains
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DETECTING NON-INDIGENOUS MATERIAL
Petit et al. 2002 Forest Ecology & Management 156: 115-129
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IDENTIFICATION OF NON-INDIGENOUS MATERIAL
3 km Parcelle 9231
= 3 trees
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MOLECULAR TRACEABILITY MOLECULAR TRACEABILITY
Certification Combatting illegal logging
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