Annotating Sanskrit Texts based on s abdabodha Systems Prof. KV - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Annotating Sanskrit Texts based on ´ s¯ abdabodha Systems

• Prof. KV Ramakrishnamacharyulu

RSVP Tirupati kvrkus@yahoo.com

• Sanskrit Language has a rich knowledge repository that is of

highly scientific value

• Thousands of works are now available in e-form
• We lack the key to open this box
• It is also known that Sanskrit has sound grammar formalism

for the analysis most of the languages

• Hence we propose a tagging scheme for manual tagging of

sanskrit texts based on different grammatical relations

This scheme takes care of

• various relations shown by p¯

an .in¯ ıan model that are mainly syntactico-semantic in nature

• a series of modifier-modified relations that are available in
• ther ´

s¯ abdabodha systems Scheme –

• sentence is the object
• ¯

Ak¯ an .ksh¯ a is base for the analysis

Sentence–

• v¯

akyam – group of words with one verb – has utthita ¯ ak¯ an .ks .a (natural expectancy)

• mah¯

av¯ akyam – group of inter-related sentences, denotes a single meaning – has utth¯ apya ¯ ak¯ an .ks .a (un-natural)

Relations–

• inter-sentential

– relations denoted by ==> non-finite verbs ==> link words

• intra-sentential

– related to the words denoting activity ==> k¯ araka ==> non-k¯ araka – related to other words The whole idea of proposed tagset is detailed here with examples

Relations denoted by Non-finite verbs

к (p¯ urvak¯ al¯ ınatvam) Tag:(...) ktva – ktv¯ a ending non-finite verb form – it denotes the activity which preceeds an activity denoted by the main verb. – karta is shared with the main verba. ( ( ) ktva ш ) । r¯ amah . (dugdha ˙ m p¯ ıtv¯ a) ktva ´ s¯ al¯ am . gacchati.

aк

к к 3.4.21, (sam¯ anakartr .kayoh . p¯ urvak¯ ale)

• p

(purpose of the main activity) (...) tumun – tumun-ending non-finite verb form which denotes the purpose of the main activity – kart¯ a sharing – karma/samprad¯ ana of the main verb becomes the kart¯ a of the purpose activity. (a p (ш ) tumun d )। (aham . pratidinam . (yoga´ s¯ astram . pat .hitu ˙ m) tumun vidy¯ alayam . gacch¯ ami). (a (k ) tumun ah) । (aham . bhavantam . mama gr .he (bhoktum) tumun ¯ ahvay¯ ami).

• к

(Simultaneity) satr/sanac – ´ satr ./´ s¯ anac – activity occuring simultaneously with the main verb – kart¯ a is shared with the main activity (к ( ) satr ) । (b¯ alakah . (jalam . piban) satr gacchati). (к (ш) sanac ) । (b¯ alakah . (´ say¯ anah .) sanac hasati).

• p (bh¯

avalaks .¯ an .a saptam¯ i) – aкк (Time of the completion of preceeding activity) kta7 kta - ending in 7th case (( ) kta7 ш хn) । ((r¯ ame vanam . gate) kta7 da´ sarathah . khinnah .). – к (simultaneous events) satr7 ∗ ´ satr . or ´ s¯ anac - ending in 7th case (( ) satr7 a ) । (r¯ ame vana ˙ m gacchati) satr7 s¯ ıt¯ a anusarati.

к (time of the main activity before the starting of subordinate activity) lrt-satr7 – lr .t . + ´ satr . or ´ s¯ anac ending in 7th case (( ) lrt-satr7 ) । ((gos .u dhoks .yam¯ an .¯ asu) lrt-satr7 gatah .).

Relations denoted by words

• к

(sam¯ anak¯ al¯ ınatvam) – yad¯ a - tad¯ a/yasmin k¯ ale - tasmin k¯ ale yada1 – yad¯ a/yasmin k¯ ale in the beginning of the subordinate sentence and tad¯ a/tasmin k¯ ale in the beginning of the main ( ( ) yada1।) (tad¯ a may¯ urah . nr .tyati (yad¯ a meghah . vars .ati) yada1) (( ) yada1।) ) (tad¯ a may¯ urah . nr .tyati (yad¯ a meghah . vars .ati) yada1)

• yad¯

a or yasmin k¯ ale yada2 Only yad¯ a or yasmin k¯ ale ( ( ) yada2) । (may¯ urah . nr .tyati (yad¯ a meghah . vars .ati) yada2)

• tad¯

a or tasmin k¯ ale tada Only tad¯ a or tasmin k¯ ale ( ( ) tada) । (meghah . vars .ati (tad¯ a may¯ urah . nr .tyati) tad¯ a)

• p (conditional relation)

– yadi - tarhi yadi1 ‘yadi’ in the beginning of a subordinate sentence and ‘tarhi’ in the main sentence; (( i) yadi1 a a) । ((yadi tvam icchasi) yadi1 tarhi aha ˙ m bhavatah . gr .ham ¯ agacch¯ ami). – yadi yadi2 (a a ( a

• ) yadi1)।

(aham ¯ agamis .y¯ ami (yadi bhav¯ an apeks .ita ˙ m saulabhya ˙ m vidh¯ asyati) yadi1).

– tarhi tarhi ( i ( a a) tarhi) । (tvam icchasi (tarhi aha ˙ m bhavatah . gr .ham ¯ agacch¯ ami) tarhi). – cet cet (( i

• ) cet a

a) । ((tvam icchasi cet) cet aha ˙ m bhavatah . gr .ham ¯ agacch¯ ami). – tarhi eva tarhi-eva the words up to tarhi eva are grouped as one unit. (( i e) tarhi-eva a

• a) ।

((tvam icchasi tarhi eva) tarhi-eva aha ˙ m bhavatah . gr .ham ¯ agacch¯ ami)).

• к

к , к кt (Non productive effort (or) product without cause) – yadyapi – tath¯ api yadyapi1 ((d a

• p

к ) yadyapi1

• a

t ) ((yadyapi aya ˙ m bahu pray¯ asa ˙ m kr .tav¯ an) yadyapi1 tath¯ api par¯ ıks .¯ a tu anutt¯ ırn .¯ a) – yadyapi yadyapi2 ((d a

• p к

) yadyapi2 a t ) ((yadyapi anena bahu pray¯ asah . kr .tah .) yadyapi2 par¯ iks .¯ a tu anutti .rn .¯ a).

– tath¯ api tathapi – (a к ш ( p к ) tathapi (aya ˙ m tath¯ a na ku´ salah . (tath¯ api prathamapurask¯ ara ˙ m labdhav¯ an) tathapi) – ath¯ api or evamapi athapi ( a a t ( a ud ) athapi) par¯ ıks .¯ ay¯ am aham anutt¯ ırn .ah . (ath¯ api udyogam labdhav¯ an) athapi) ( a a t ( e ud ) athapi) par¯ ıks .¯ ay¯ am aham anutt¯ ırn .ah . (evamapi udyogam labdhav¯ an) athapi

• d (cause and effect)

– yatah .-tatah . or yasm¯ at-tasm¯ at yatah1 (( a ) yatah1 p ш ) ((yatah . aya ˙ m samaye n¯ agatah .) yatah1 tata. .h prave´ sapar¯ iks .¯ ay¯ a. .m n¯ anumatah .) – yatah . or yasm¯ at yatah2 (p ш a ( ) yatah2) । (praves .apar¯ ıks .¯ ay¯ a ˙ m n¯ anumatah . ayam . (yatah . samaye n¯ agatah .) yatah2) – tatah . or tasm¯ at or atah . tatah ((a ( a ) tatah) (ayam . samaye n¯ agatah . (tatah . ayam . par¯ ıks .¯ ay¯ am . n¯ anumatah .) tatah)

• aк

(following action) – tatah . or tatastatah . or anantaram or atha atha (p a ш (a х) atha) । (prathamam aha ˙ m ´ sr .n .omi (atha likh¯ ami) atha)

c (conjunction) apica – api ca or kim . ca ( a (a ) apica) । (bhiks .¯ am at .a (apica g¯ am¯ anaya) apica)

• к

(co-location) – yatra - tatra or yasmin - tasmin yatra1 ((

• ) yatra1

) । ((yatra n¯ aryastu p¯ ujyante) yatra1 ramante tatra devat¯ ah .) – yatra or yasmin yatra2 (a ( ) yatra1) । (aho br .nd¯ avanam . ramyam . (yatra govardhano girih .) yatra1) – tatra or tasmin tatra (( s ) tatra s ) । ((tatra sn¯ atv¯ a naro r¯ ajan) tatra gosahasraphalam . labheta)

• a

(non-fulfilment of expected activity) – kintu or parantu kintu (

• pt

aк (к

• k) kintu) ।

(gajendrah . t¯ ivraprayatnam akarot (kintu nakragrah¯ at na muktah .) kintu)

Intra-Sentential relations

• related to the words denoting activity

– these relations are triggered by vibhaktis – one vibhakti may indicate several relations according to the context

• k¯

arakalations

• non-k¯

araka relations

• k¯

araka relations – kart¯ a k1 – karma k2 – karan .a k3 – samprad¯ ana k4 – ap¯ ad¯ ana k5 – adhikaran .a k7

• к

(kart¯ a) – default k1

• t k1 ।

devadattah . k1 pacati k1 । rathah . k1 gacchati – a (experiencer(k2-e) k1-e । ghat .o k1-e na´ syati.

• k1-e

। putrah . k1-e j¯ ayate. k1-e х a । sah . k1-e sukham anubhavati.

• a

(abstract) (k1-a ) k1-a a। krodhah . k1-a ¯ agacchati.

• pк (prayojakah

.) (k1-p)

• t k1-p

। (devadattah . k1-p vis .n .umitren .a p¯ acayati.

• p (prayojyah

.) (k1-j)

• t

k1-j । devadattah . vis .n .umitren .a k1-j p¯ acayati.

• (madhyasthah

.) (k1-m)

• t jt

k1-m । devadattah . (yaj˜ nadattena) k1-m vis .n .umitren .a p¯ acayati.

• ap

к/up к (cause for temptation) (k1-t) к k1-t । modakah . k1-t rocate.

• к
• к

(karma-kartr .) (k1-k2) d к k1-k2 । bhidyate k¯ as .thah . k1-k2 svayameva.

• к-к

(karan .a-kartr .) (k1-k3) a k1-k3 t। asih . k1-k3 chinatti.

• - к

(s .as .t .h¯ ı kart¯ a) (K1-6) a k1-6 a ш । ¯ ac¯ aryasya k1-6 anu´ s¯ asanam.

• к

(karma) (k2) – default (k2) ш k2 । ´ satr¯ un k2 jayati. a k2 ।

• danam

. k2 bhu˙ nkte. – ud (created)(k2-u) a k2-u ।

• danam

. k2-u pacati. – к

• (raw meterial)(k2-v)
• k2-v к

к। suvarn .am . k2-v kun .dalam . karoti.

– p-к (prayojya-kart¯ a) (k2-j)

• k2-j

। b¯ alam . k2-j ks .¯ ıram . p¯ ayayati. – a (location) (k2-l)

• к

k2-l aш

• ।

vaikun .tham k2-l adhi´ sete. – ш (village, town, state, country etc) (k2-p) к k2-p । kur¯ un k2-p svapiti. – к (time) (k2-t)

• k2-t a

। m¯ asam k2-t ¯ aste.

– (activity) (k2-a)

• k2-a a

। godoham k2-a ¯ aste. – (road measurment) (k2-m) ш k2-m a । kro´ sam k2-m ¯ aste. – p (recipient) (k2-k4) ш k2-k4 । pa´ sun¯ a rudram . k2-k4 yajate. – a (not intended) (k2-an)

• k2-an

ш। gr¯ amam . gacchan tr .n .am . k2-an spr .´ sati.

– aк (not expected) (k2-un) k2-un । gopah . g¯ am . k2-un dogdhi payah . – -к (gati-karma) (k2-g)

• k2-g ।

r¯ amah . gr¯ amam . k2-g gacchati. – к (instruments of playing) (k2-k3) a k2-k3 । aks .¯ an k2-k3 d¯ ıvyati. к к k2-k3 । kandukam . k2-k3 kr¯ ıd .ati.

– p к (yam . prati kopah .) (k2-k)

• k2-k a

। kr¯ uram k2-k abhikrudhyati. – -к (in disrespect) (k2-d) k2-d / k2-d । na tv¯ am . tr .n .¯ aya k2-d / tr .n .am . k2-d manye. – -к (s .as .t .h¯ ı-karma) (k2-6) ш k2-6 a ш । ´ sabd¯ an¯ am k2-6 anu´ s¯ asanam.

к (instrument) (k3)

• default (k3)

к к ud। b¯ alah . ku˜ ncikay¯ a t¯ alam udgh¯ at .ayati.

• к

(karma) (k3-k2) ш k3-k2 । pa´ sun¯ a k3-k2 rudram . yajate.

(money in bonded labour) (k3-m) ш k3-m । ´ satena k3-m parikr¯ ın .¯ ati.

p (recipient)

• (recipient with ownership) (k4-o)
• t

h k4-o । devadattah . br¯ ahman .¯ aya k4-o g¯ am . dad¯ ati.

• к

(recipient without ownership) (k4)

• t к k4

p । devadattah . rajak¯ aya k4 vastram . praks .¯ alan¯ aya dad¯ ati.

• ap

(intended to relate with activity) (k4-i)

• k4-i ш
• ।

patye k4-i ´ sete.

• j (addressed through praise etc.) (k4-a)

к k4-a । kr .s .n .¯ aya k4-a ´ sl¯ aghate.

• ut

(a creditor) (k4-u)

• t k4-u ш

। devadatt¯ aya k4-u ´ satam . dh¯ arayati.

• и

(desired) (k4-d)

• k4-d

। pus .pebhyah . k4-d spr .hayati.

• p к (point of anger) (k4-k)
• k4-k

। haraye k4-k krudhyati.

• p (location of desire) (k4-p)
• t k4-p

к। devadatt¯ aya k4-p rocate modakah .

• p (enquiry about) (k4-e)

к k4-e । kr .s .n .¯ aya k4-e r¯ adhyati.

(money in bonded labour) (k4-b)

• t ш k4-b ।

devadattah . ´ sat¯ aya k4-b parikr¯ ıtah .

a (ap¯ ad¯ anam) (k5)

• default (point of departure/seperation) (k5)
• k5

। vr .ks .¯ at k5 parn .am . patati.

• -
• (cause of fear) (k5-f)
• k5-f

। gr .hasthah . cor¯ at k5-f bibheti.

• a - u

(teacher) (k5-u) u k5-u a । ch¯ atrah . up¯ adhy¯ ay¯ at k5-u adh¯ ıte.

(point for obstruction) (k5-o) к k5-o a । k¯ up¯ at k5-o andham . v¯ arayati.

• / aш
• i

/ (person intended not to be seen) (k5-n)

• k5-n

к । m¯ atuh . k5-n nil¯ ıyate kr .s .n .ah .

• pк

(raw material) (k5-p)

• k5-p

। mr .dah . k5-p ghat .ah . j¯ ayate.

• p (place of first appearence) (k5-a)

k5-a p। himavatah . k5-a ga˙ ng¯ a prabhavati.

• (defeat from activity)a (k5-d)

a k5-d । adhyayan¯ at k5-d par¯ ajayate.

a

a par¯ ajeh . asod .hah . 1.4.26

aк (location) (k7)

• к (time) (k7-t)
• k7-t a

। tret¯ ayuge k7-t r¯ amah . ¯ as¯ ıt.

ш de´ sah . (place) (k7-p) a k7-p a । r¯ amah . ¯ ayodhy¯ ay¯ am k7-p ¯ as¯ ıt.

• vis

.ayah . (other than above) (k7-v)

• k7-v i a।

moks .e k7-v icch¯ a asti.

• a (time duration) (k7-td)

k7-a (и

• ) k7-td ।

janavar¯ ıtah . k7-a (ma¯ ı paryanta ˙ m) k7-td vir¯ amah ..

• a-

ш (place in between) (k7-pd) k5-a

• k7-pd ।

tirupatitah . k5-a-a candragiriparyanta ˙ m k7-pd bhavan¯ ani santi.

aкк (Non k¯ araka relations, but direct relations with the activity)

(addressed) radr radr ud। bho r¯ ama radr m¯ am uddhara.

• pp

(uncompounded negation) (rneg) rneg । r¯ amah . gr .ham . na rneg gacchati.

(similarity) rs

• h

rs a । br¯ ahman .avat rs adh¯ ıte.

• - a

(time duration between the repetition of the same activity) rtd ad k d rtd k। adya bhuktv¯ a dinadvay¯ at rtd bhokt¯ a.

• (purpose) rtv

a rtv d । ch¯ atrah . adhyayan¯ aya rtv vidy¯ alaye vasati. rtv a s¯ a krayan .¯ aya rtv ¯ apan .am . gacchati.

• (cause) rhv

d a rhv d । vidy¯ arth¯ ı adhyayanena rhv vidy¯ alaye vasati.

• (repetition) rrpt

шк a p rrpt । ´ sakuntal¯ a ¯ a´ srame prativr .ks .am . rrpt si˜ ncati.

• -a

t- (counting of repetition) rcrpt к rcrpt । b¯ alakah . p¯ at .ha ˙ m pa˜ ncav¯ ara ˙ m rcrpt pat .hati.

• ш
• (manner adverb) rad

rad । hast¯ ı m¯ arge mandam . rad gacchati.

• rad ।

mr .gah . (vegena) rad dh¯ avati.

• a-d к (complete relation with time) rt2

к к rt2 a। b¯ alakah . gurukule m¯ asam rt2 adh¯ ıtah .

• a-d

(complete relation with road) rr2 ш rr2 a । p¯ at .hah . kro´ sam rr2 adh¯ ıtah .

• a-d к (p) (complete relation with

time with result) rt3

• к

rt3 a к a। b¯ alakena m¯ asena rt3 anuv¯ akah . adh¯ ıtah ..

Other Relations

• a-d

(p) (complete relation with road with result) rr3 к ш rr3 a к a। b¯ alakena kro´ sena rr3 anuv¯ akah . adh¯ ıta.h.

• (s

.as .t .h¯ ı relation) r6 (aк) r6 к । adhy¯ apakasya r6 pustakam . ch¯ atr¯ ah . pat .hanti.

• a

(starting point of time) rst5 Eg: к k rst5 a । k¯ artiky¯ ah . rst5 ¯ agrah¯ ayan .¯ ı m¯ ase.

• a

ш (starting point of place) rsp5 Eg: rsp5 ш । tirupatitah . rsp5 candragirih . kro´ se.

(point of direction) rd

• p rd d

d । vr .ks .a ˙ m prati rd vidyotate vidyut. u rd । paks .¯ ı bhavanasya upari rd dayate.

• p rd ।

r¯ amah . gr¯ ama ˙ m prati rd ।

• (purpose) rta

Eg: к rta к । b¯ alak¯ aya rta pustakam . kr¯ ın .¯ ati.

• hetuh

. rh

• rh

dan .d .ena rh ghat .ah .

• (associative) ras

( ) ras । (putren .a saha) ras pit¯ a gacchati.

• (non-associative) rnas

( ) rnas । (dharmen .a vin¯ a) rnas j¯ ıvanam . n¯ asti.

• k (comparison between two) rv5
• к

rv5 a। m¯ athur¯ ah . p¯ at .al¯ ıputrakebhyah . rv5 ¯ ad .hyatar¯ ah .

• (Isolating one from a group – in the superlative

degree context) rn6/rn7

• rn6 к

। gav¯ a ˙ m rn6 kr .s .n .¯ a bahuks .¯ ır¯ a

• rn7 к

। gos .u rn7 kr .s .n .¯ a bahuks .¯ ır¯ a