AND USE R. palmarum R. cruentatus R. phoenicis D. borassi R. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PALM WEEVIL PHEROMONES DISCOVERY AND USE

R. palmarum R. cruentatus R. phoenicis D. borassi R. ferrugineus R. bilineatus

R. palmarum R. phoenicus R. cruentatus R bilineatus R. vulnaratus R. ferrugineus D. borassi R. palmarum (synergist) *

1990-91 Coto, Costa Rica 142 / ha 6,600 ha ~900,000 palms 20 tons/ha

Rhynchophorus palmarum - American Palm Weevil

Red Ring Nematode Bursaphelenchus cocophilus Cobb.

Stem traps did not capture sufficient weevils to reduce infestation Photos courtesy C. Chinchilla

25,000 Normal Coto oil palm plantation Red Ring Palms Removed sanitation 20,000 ~5,000 Ha RRD palm removal 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 89 90 91 92

Rhynchophorus palmarum male-produced aggregation pheromone 1991-1992 OH

Coto oil palm Stem traps with pheromone

Capture of R. palmarum in pheromone traps OH pheromone a sugarcane b pheromone + sugarcane c pheromone + sugarcane d + ethyl acetate 1998 0 20 40 80 100 60 R. palmarum / trap / week Oehlschlager, A.C., C.M. Chinchilla, L.F. Jiron, B. Morgan and R.G. Mexon , Development of an Effective Pheromone Based Trapping System for the American Palm Weevil, Phynchophorus palmarum , in oil palm plantations. J. Econ. Entomol. 86 : 1381-1392, 1993.

Capture of R. palmarum in pheromone traps requires insecticide Pheromone + Sugarcane + Water a 0.13% Lannate n = 10 No Lannate b 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 R. palmarum / trap / week

25,000 Normal Red ring palms removed Coto oil palm plantation sanitation 20,000 RRD palm removal 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 89 90 91 92

Lot 50 ~ 30 ha 1 km . Coto oil palm plantation Costa Rica

Initial Test of Mass Trapping 20 15 RRD / ha Lot 50 10 5 Plantation 0 1991 1989 1990

2 years old 15 years old 220 traps ~38 ha ~6 traps/ha 15 years old 50 meters between traps

40 R. palmarum / trap / week Lot 50 actual > 61,000 in 1 year 30 mark release 27-53 / ha X 38 ha = max 2,014 Perimeter traps 20 10 Internal traps 0 S O N D J F M A M J J A S 1991

20 15 Lot 50 RRD / ha 10 5 0 1991 1989 1990 1992 Oehlschlager, A.C., R.S. McDonald, C.M. Chinchilla and S.N. Patschke. Influence of a Pheromone-based Mass Trapping System on the Distribution of Rhynchophorus palmarum & the Incidence of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm. Environ. Entomol . 24 : 1004-1012, 1995.

20 15 Lot 50 RRD / ha 10 Surrounding lots 5 0 1991 1989 1990 1992 Oehlschlager, A.C., R.S. McDonald, C.M. Chinchilla and S.N. Patschke. Influence of a Pheromone-based Mass Trapping System on the Distribution of Rhynchophorus palmarum & the Incidence of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm. Environ. Entomol . 24 : 1004-1012, 1995.

20 15 Lot 50 RRD / ha 10 Surrounding lots 5 Plantation 0 1991 1989 1990 1992 Oehlschlager, A.C., R.S. McDonald, C.M. Chinchilla and S.N. Patschke. Influence of a Pheromone-based Mass Trapping System on the Distribution of Rhynchophorus palmarum & the Incidence of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm. Environ. Entomol . 24 : 1004-1012, 1995.

R. palmarum / trap / month Coto, Costa Rica - 5,000 ha oil palm 30 1 trap / 5 ha 20 10 0 O N D J F M A M J J A 1992 1993 A. C. Oehlschlager, C. M. Chinchilla , G. Castillo and L. M. Gonzalez . Control of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm by Mass Trapping Rhynchophorus palmarum , Florida Ent. 85 : 507-513, 2002.

25,000 Normal Normal sanitation Red Ring Palms Removed sanitation RRD palm removal & trapping 20,000 RRD palm removal Coto 15,000 1 trap / 5 ha 10,000 5,000 ha -95% 5,000 632 1680 1575 -80% 1587 893 1025 0 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 A. C. Oehlschlager, C. M. Chinchilla , G. Castillo and L. M. Gonzalez . Control of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm by Mass Trapping Rhynchophorus palmarum , Florida Ent. 85 : 507-513, 2002.

12,000 Red ring palms removed Normal sanitation Normal sanitation 10,000 RRD palm RRD palm removal & trapping removal 8,000 Quepos 6,000 1 trap / 5 ha 8,000 ha 4,000 -93% 2,000 177 34 103 49 50 275 0 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 A. C. Oehlschlager, C. M. Chinchilla , G. Castillo and L. M. Gonzalez . Control of Red Ring Disease in Oil Palm by Mass Trapping Rhynchophorus palmarum , Florida Ent. 85 : 507-513, 2002.

Trapping since 1993 cost of trapping 2016 trap + sugarcane + pheromone @ $20.00 labor @ $23.00 / Yr = $43 / Yr / 5 Ha = $9.00 / Yr / Ha

2016 405,000 Ha

Offshoot production to year ~20

R. ferrugineus attack of date palm during offshoot generation >300 cm above ground > 95% below 1 meter 101-300 51-100 26-50 0-25 0 10 20 30 40 50 % Attack Survey of 1,325,574 palms in UAE 1998-2000, 2,296 were infested O. Khalifa, A. H. Assal, F. A. Exaby, M. A. Amurse, S. M. Nuaimi, N. S. Zehli, Dept. Agric. & Lifestock, Al-Ain, UAE, Database for Infestation of Date Palm by Red Palm Weevil, Second Int. Conf. on Date Palms, Al-Ain, UAE, March, 2001.

In Saudi Arabia 1992 log traps were used to capture R. ferrugineus OH 1992 Photo by PSPV Vidyasagar

Food & pheromone necessary to maximize capture R. ferrugineus Traps Smooth on inside Rough on outside UAE 1992 Date palm pieces n = 10 Ferrolure & date palm pieces 0 2 4 6 8 10 R. ferrugineus / trap Hallett, R.H., A.C. Oehlschlager, G. Gries, N.P.D. Angerilli, R.K. Al Sharequi , M.S. Gassouma & J.H. Borden. Field Testing of Aggregation Pheromones of Two Asian Palm Weevils. PORIM Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, September 1993, pA660.

1993 aggregation pheromone of R. ferrugineus available 2 components Saudi Arabia 1996 8 Synergism = 65% 6 Ferrolure+ = 4-methyl-5-nonanol & 4-methyl-5-nonanone 4 2 Ferrolure = 4-methyl-5-nonanol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 weeks Test conducted in Al Qatif, Saudi Arabia, January-March 1996 by Dr. R. A. Abozuhairah, Dr. P. S. P. V. Vidyasagar & Dr. V. A. Abraham, Ministry of Agriculture & Water, Al Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. All traps contained insecticide-treated date palm pieces

Week 1 total Week 2 total total RPW captured Faleiro & Satarkar 2005 Ind J. Plant prot 33 (1) 23-25

Addition of ethyl acetate increases capture of R. ferrugineus EGYPT 1997, n = 15 Ferrolure+ & molasses a Ferrolure+ & molasses 5X b & ethyl acetate 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 R. ferrugineus / trap UAE Experiment, H. Anwar & Oehlschlager, Egyptian Experiment, Oehlschlager, Dr. G. Moawad & Y. El-Sebay, August, 1997 (Both Experiments Published in Proceedings of FAO Workshop on Red Date Palm Weevil & its Control, Dec. 1998, Cairo).

Ground traps best for R. ferrugineus 9 tests confirm this – Ferrolure+ & molassses On ground ~6X better on ground Attached to palm n = 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 R. ferrugineus / trap / week KSA, More weevils captured if traps are placed in short palm stem A. C. Oehlschlager, Dr. G. Moawad & Y. El- Sebay, Proceedings of FAO Workshop on Red Date Palm Weevil & its Control, Dec. 1998, Cairo.

More weevils captured in March - May 12.5 R. ferrugineus / trap / month EGYPT 1997 10 These females have more eggs/female than those captured 7.5 in summer 5 2.5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Mass trapping conducted in Egypt by Dr. G. Moawad & Y. El-Sebay. 200-300 bucket traps on ground containing bigas, molasses & Ferrolure+ (Data from proceedings of FAO Workshop on Red Date Palm Weevil & its Control, Dec. 1999, Cairo).

Mass trapping R. ferrugineus Is it beneficial when added to other aspects of RPW management? Yes Examples

Effect of pheromone trapping on date palm infestation in UAE, 1995-1997, 1,466 farms with 349,342 palms (1994) Average 1994-5 infestation of 1.9% Infested palms 95/96 - 36% Spray only 96/97 Infested palms 95/96 - 64% Spray + Pheromone 96/97 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Palms infested with R. ferrugineus Integrated Pest Management for the Control of Red Palm Weevil in the UAE Eastern Region, Al Ain, F. A. A. El Ezaby, O. Khalifa and A. El Assal, First Int. Conf. On Date Palms, Al-Ain, UAE, March 8-10, 1998.

Mass trapping Saudi Arabia 1993-7 13,055 Gardens 464,785 palms Inspection, treatment, spray trapping Vidyasagar et al 2000 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Trap Bucket with mat on outside, holes near top, on ground Pheromone, date fruits & water

Mass trapping Saudi Arabia 2006-2012 Al Haasa 185,000 palms 2006-2009 Low level management 1 trap/ 2.5 ha ~11,000 palms/yr sprayed regular inspection & removal of infested palms 2009 3.7% infestation Increase management level Put trap in 50 cm stem base (approx 2X capture) 1/1.1 ha trap AND 2.9X / year spray 2012 0.36% infestation = 89% Hoddle et al. 2013.

Israel RPW IPM stopped infestation (for a while) Arrived 1999 Jordan Valley Aug 1999 to Sept 2001 Traps 5,000 in 450 ha 70,000 palms Regular sprays @ 2X/ month Apr/Nov Only to 2 meters to protect offshoots Treatment & removal of infested palms