International Time Use Community & Policy-Relevant Time Use - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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International Time Use Community & Policy-Relevant Time Use - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 21, 2022 308 likes •666 views

International Time Use Community & Policy-Relevant Time Use Research Time Use Research Kimberly Fisher Secretary International Association for Time Use Research Centre for Time Use Research Early Time Use Developments Earliest

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International Time Use Community & Policy-Relevant Time Use Research Time Use Research

Kimberly Fisher Secretary International Association for Time Use Research Centre for Time Use Research

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Early Time Use Developments

  • Earliest surveys 1890s,

early large scale surveys from 1920s

  • Key early academic

theorists

George Bevans

  • Early topics
  • Plight of poor
  • Peasant & farm labour
  • Radio & Television

– George Bevans – Hildegarde Kneeland – Maud Pember-Reeves – Margaret Gilpin Reid – Pitirim Sorokin

  • Document days in times
  • f change
  • Economic contributions
  • f home production

Early countries: France, Germany, Japan, Russia, UK, USA

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Radical challenge of time use

  • Basic assumptions from early studies

– Human behaviour occurs in cycles aligned to both natural and cultural rhythms both natural and cultural rhythms – To understand behaviour, you must consider activity patterns in total – the focus on isolated elements distorts and obscures the picture – All activities by all groups of people are important research subjects

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Challenge to economic blind spots

  • Economic policy as developed in the 20th

century assumed

– Complete separation of domestic & public spheres – domestic sphere has no policy relevance – domestic sphere has no policy relevance – Things of importance to policy makers have unambiguous financial value which over-rides

  • ther associated value

– We only need to measure financial value to understand societies

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International time use community

  • Sidelined researchers joined forces

– Bias against value of measuring all behaviour in academic and public policy circles – Time-intensive data management & analysis – Time-intensive data management & analysis techniques of 1960s

  • Significant international co-operation

– Szalai 12 country co-ordinated time use surveys – International Sociological Association Thematic Group 1, founded in Varna, Bulgaria 1970

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International Association for Time Use Research

  • Over 2000 participants from over 85 countries

– Academic researchers & post-graduate students – Official statistical agencies – Executive and council from: Argentina, Australia, – Executive and council from: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, China, Djibouti, Germany, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Romania, United Kingdom

  • Annual conferences

– Upcoming: Rio de Janeiro, Turku/Åbo, Istanbul – Recent past: Paris, Oxford, Matsue

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International Association for Time Use Research

  • Community new via e-mail list

–kimberly.fisher@timeuse.org to join list

  • Twitter - @IATUR
  • Twitter - @IATUR
  • Facebook

–https://www.facebook.com/theIATUR

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International Association for Time Use Research

  • Electronic International Journal of Time Use

Research (eIJTUR)

– http://www.eijtur.org/

  • Training workshops for statistical office staff
  • Training workshops for statistical office staff

and academics in developing countries

– http://iatur.timeuse.org/workshops

  • Policy applications of time use research

– http://iatur.timeuse.org/policy

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  • Centre for Development Alternatives Time Use Research Cell
  • Centre for Time Use Research, University of Oxford (CTUR)
  • Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica (IBGE)
  • International Working Group on Gender Macroeconomics
  • Ministry of Statistics, Government of India
  • Ministry of Statistics, Government of India
  • National Bureau of Statistics, People's Republic of China
  • ONU Mulheres
  • Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)
  • UNIFEM
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IATUR time use policy applications resource

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Father’s Participation in Childcare

http://iatur.timeuse.org/child-care-fathers

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Policy applications of time use research

Care Data collection Education Travel Unpaid work Adult care Child care

  • Fathers
  • Growing up
  • Juggle work
  • Valuation

Leisure quality Life balance Time poverty Well-being Full economic activity Satellite accounts Valuation Volunteering Energy use Carbon footprint Methods Modes Active travel Environment Gender Health Leisure Paid work Planning Populations Quality of Life

  • Valuation

Pet care Exposure Food Physical activity Sleep Hours of work, Intensity of work, Opening hours, Safety at work, Unemployment, Work-life balance Children Disabilities Low income Migrants Minorities Older people Sexuality Single parents Role constraints Use of places Women’s contributions Work distribution Active travel Patterns & modes Access to resources Consumption Culture Leisure as work Media use Sports Time with others

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Time use research policy applications

Gender equality

Emerging Minority populations Environment Well-being & quality of life

Common policy uses Health National accounts equality Travel Paid work

Emerging areas

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Common Policy Uses of Time Diary Surveys

  • Paid work

– Hours worked with sequencing of rest of day – Safety (potential fatigue, how long workers push themselves until breaks) themselves until breaks) – Work-life balance

  • Health

– Physical activity – Sleep – Daily functioning of people living with disabilities

Data collection (accelerometer,

skin connectivity, GPS movement mapping)

Data matching (links to physical

activity standards, weather & pollution, exposure risks)

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Common Policy Uses of Time Diary Surveys

  • Travel

– Planning services and infrastructure – Social power related to transport access

  • Minority and vulnerable populations

– Mapping use of social spaces – Time away from home, use of public spaces at various times of day measure social inclusion or isolation

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Time use research policy applications

Gender equality

Emerging Minority populations Environment Well-being & quality of life

Identified by UNECE & UNECA as areas where time use main statistical source

Common policy uses Health National accounts equality Travel Paid work

Emerging areas

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Centre for Time Use Research

  • Situated in Department of Sociology &

Nuffield College, University of Oxford

  • Core projects:

– Multinational Time Use Study – Time use publications & metadata databases – Archiving other time use surveys and materials – Host IATUR website – Innovative research

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www.timeuse.org

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Multinational Time Use Study

  • Cross-time, cross-national harmonised dataset
  • Covers 25 countries, mid-1960s through 2011
  • Time use surveys offer value for money in

Time use surveys offer value for money in terms of the range of applications per unit cost of collecting the data

  • Archives accessible to researchers make best

use of the values of time use surveys

www.timeuse.org/mtus

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Environmental Policies & Daily Behaviours in the USA: How Time Diaries Inform Sustainability Debates

Kimberly Fisher, Centre for Time Use Research Kimberly Fisher, Centre for Time Use Research University of Oxford, United Kingdom Roujman Shahbazian, Institutet för Social Forskning (SOFI), Mohammad Sepahvand, Department of Economics, University of Uppsala, Sweden

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Legislative Frameworks

  • EPA legislative policy maps classify states

in 3 to 4 categories

– No interest, doing nothing (=0) – Policy in development, partial implementation (=1) – Policy in development, partial implementation (=1) – Policy fully implemented, reductions reach target or meet standard set by EPA (4th category for exceeding target or standard) (=2)

  • Sum of scores produces range 7 to 127
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Results (for policy framework)

  • % total travel time on foot/bicycle

***

  • % total travel time on public transport ***
  • Mean minutes per day outside

***

  • Spent 20+ minutes with animals

***

  • Spent 20+ minutes with animals

***

  • Mean minutes per day driving ***
  • % driving time in car alone **
  • MMPD watching TV, using PC in home

***

  • MMPD watch TV/use PC alone

***

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Two Further Examples of Policy- Relevant Time Use Research Relevant Time Use Research

Jonathan Gershuny Director, Centre for Time Use Research Former President, International Association for Time Use Research

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The “too many zeros” problem

–Stylised estimates: very inaccurate

  • People lie, exaggerate or minimize
  • Lack of knowledge about own activities

–Diaries are burdensome –Diaries are burdensome

  • Hence: collect single day diaries

–...infrequent acts have too many zeros

–...so can’t look at distributions

Jonathan Gershuny ‘Too Many Zeros: a Method for Estimating Long-term Time-use from Short Diaries’, Annals of Economics and Statistics, 105-106, 247- 271, 2012.

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Intuition

  • Short diaries contain evidence of differential

participation probabilities.

  • Variation in participation relates to

– economic, social, demographic – economic, social, demographic characteristics… – …and also to individual “tastes” or “habits”.

  • Habits, indicated by participation frequencies

and other similar measures, may be used in combination with diary to produce longer term estimates.

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Model estimation: UK1999-2001 data

  • Activity vars (dependents):

– Eg 2 personal care, 4 work, travel, 4 leisure =1440 mins

  • Control variables:

– Eg age, age squared, sex, marital status, carer/family status, educational attainment, occupation, diary day-of-week

  • Habitus vector:
  • Habitus vector:

– Eg 20* “How many times last months did you……?(culture, sports etc)

  • Logistic regression: predict daily participation probability p
  • OLS regression:

‒ predict daily participants’ time for all respondents t

Long term time use = p * t

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Diary vs long-term estimates of daily exercise minutes by decile

single day estimates long-term estimates all 25 25 bottom decile 5 2 9 3 13 3 13 4 16 5 19 6 23 7 28 8 4 34 9 60 42 top decile 183 60

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Estimating utility from diaries

  • “Instantaneous utility”

= rate of enjoyment in real time

  • Measurement strategies:

(1) Czikcentmihalyi “beeper” studies (1) Czikcentmihalyi “beeper” studies (2) 3 random event enjoyment battery (3) Single “enjoyed?” field through the day

  • Strategy (3) works well in HETUS (France 2010)

Jonathan Gershuny “National Utilty: Measuring the Enjoyment of Activities “ European Sociological Review Advanced access DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs077 at <www.esr.oxfordjoutnals.org 2013

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Men’s and women’s enjoyment of activities

7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00

ment scores

5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f m f

  • ut-

home leisure sleep & personal care

  • ther

home leisure tv child care US MEAN paid work travel shopping unpaid work

  • ut-

home leisure sleep & personal care

  • ther

home leisure tv child care UK MEAN paid work travel shopping unpaid work US UK

enjoym

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Utility from one type of activity

Eq 1)

eij = ajkX + bjtj +cjt2

j

Marginal utility for an activity

Eq 2)

δeij/δtj =bj+2cjtj

Total utility for the observation period

Eq 3)

u = (∑1

i∑1 j dij.eij )/T

Where:

– eij is the enjoyment rating of each diary event – dij is the duration of each event – i events in a continuous diary sequence – j exclusive categories of activity (eg “sleep”, “watching television”, “paid work”) – X a vector of k control variables – tj total all time devoted by diarist to activity j over the entire period.

Estimate from j separate equations (one for each activity)

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Effect of time in activity on enjoyment of non-tv leisure at home

US: non-tv leisure at home 0.4 0.6 0.8 t/marginal effects UK: non-tv leisure at home

0.4 0.6 0.8 /marginal effect

  • 0.2

0.2 500 1000 minutes per day enjoyment/m enjoyment effect marginal effect*60

  • 0.2

0.2 200 400 600 800 1000 minutes per day enjoyment/m

enjoyment effect marginal effect*60