and the Lifecourse 20 th June 2017 2pm-5.30pm WHERL is funded by - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse 20th June 2017 2pm-5.30pm

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Welcome from Chair Norma Cohen PPI Governor

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Report Introduction Karen Glaser Principal Investigator

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

WHERL is a three-year research project investigating ageing, work and health across the lifecourse Report Introduction Karen Glaser Principal Investigator

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

WHERL is one of the Extended Working Lives Consortia Grants funded by the:

• Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
• Medical Research Council (MRC)

... through the Lifelong Health and Wellbeing (LLHW) programme. Our funding (£1.22m) was invested in making a significant contribution to

• ur understanding of how inequalities across the lifecourse relate to paid

work in later life in the UK (ES/LS002825/1)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Today we will share the highlights of our project’s findings covering three major areas:

• i) a comprehensive assessment of lifecourse determinants and

consequences for health and wellbeing of working up to and beyond state pension age;

• ii) an evaluation of whether (and how) these relationships have changed

for different cohorts and over time; and

• iii) modelling of the financial consequences of working up to and beyond

state pension age for those with different lifecourse trajectories.

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

WHERL is led by the Institute of Gerontology at King’s College London in partnership with:

• Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London
• Epidemiology & Public Health at University College London
• Dalla Lana School of Public Health at University of Toronto
• Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing (MICRA),

University of Manchester

• Pensions Policy Institute
• Age UK
• UK Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Work and Family Histories (Chapter 1)

Laurie M Corna

King’s College London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• Using Optimal Matching Analysis, we summarised detailed data on

labour market spells from ages 16-54 and 16-state pension age

• Individuals who share common experiences were grouped together with

the help of synthetic sequences

1. Mostly full-time throughout 16-54 2. Mostly non-employed throughout 16-54 3. Full-time, very early exit (at 49) 4. Family carer to part-time (Medium break: 7 years) 5. Family carer to full-time (Long break: 12 years) 6. Family carer throughout 7. Mostly part-time throughout

Summarising Life History Data

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Observed individuals 16 17 18 19 20 … 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 1 FT FT FT FT FT … FT FT FT FT FT FT FT 2 FT FT FT FT FT … FT FT FT FT FT NW NW 3 FT FT FT NW NW … PT PT PT PT PT PT PT 4 FT FT FT FT NW … PT PT PT NW NW NW NW … Synthetic histories 16 17 18 19 20 … 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 FTT FT FT FT FT FT … FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT-NW-PT FT FT FT FT NW … PT PT PT PT PT PT PT

Two example synthetic histories depicted here are Full-time throughout (FTT) and Family care to part-time work (FT-NW-PT). Four observed individual histories:

Matching individuals to their nearest synthetic history

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 1: Labour market histories at age 55 and over, men and women born 1920-49

Mostly full-time 83% Full-time very early exit 13% Other 4%

Men

Mostly full-time 20% Mostly non- employed 10% Full-time very early exit 9% Family carer to part-time (medium break: 7 years) 18% Family carer to full-time (long break: 12 years) 16% Mostly family carer 20% Mostly part-time 8%

Women

Source: BHPS

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 2: Labour market histories up to State Pension Age: Men aged 65 and over and women aged 60 and over, born 1916-46

Mostly full-time throughout 49% Mostly non- employed throughout 4% Full-time, very early exit 9% Full-time, early exit 30% Later start, early exit 8%

Men 16-64

Mostly full-time throughou t 26% Mostly non- employed/ family carer throughou t 22% Weak attachmen t, very early exit 6% Family carer to part-time (long break: 16 years) 13% Family carer to part-time (short break: 4 years) 11% Family carer to full-time (medium break: 9 years) 17% Mostly part-time throughou t 5%

Women 16-59

Source: ELSA wave 3 2006/07

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Box 3. Birth cohorts compared across the three data sources

Data Women Birth cohort Age in 2017 Retirement Survey (1988/1989) 1924-1933 84-93 BHPS (1999/00) 1934-1943 74-83 ELSA wave 4 (2008/09) 1944-1953 64-73

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 3: Changes in labour market histories by cohort, men aged 60-69 and women aged 55-64

92% 69% 69% >1% 2% 4% 4% 21% 13% 4% 9% 14% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1919-28 1929-38 1939-48

Men 16-59

Later start, early exit Full-time, very early exit Mostly non-employed throughout Mostly full-time throughout 19% 18% 24% 6% 8% 6% 7% 9% 7% 25% 21% 25% 15% 17% 16% 22% 18% 11% 7% 8% 10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1924-33 1934-43 1944-53

Women 16-54

Mostly part-time Mostly family carer Family carer to full-time (medium break: 12 years) Family carer to part-time (medium break: 7 years) Full-time, very early exit Mostly non-employed throughout

Source: 1988/89 RS; 1999/00 BHPS; 2008/09 ELSA wave 4

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Fertility Histories

1. No children 2. One early (about 23) 3. One later (about 36) 4. Two early (about 24) 5. Later large(about 30) 6. Early large (about 22)

Marital Histories

1. Never married 2. Long-term married 3. Marriage ends early

Family Histories

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 5: Changes in parental histories by cohort, men aged 60- 69 and women aged 55-64

21% 20% 18% 11% 8% 9% 17% 12% 20% 23% 29% 30% 18% 13% 8% 10% 18% 16% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1919-28 1929-38 1939-48

Men 16-59

No children in household 1 child early 1 child later 1-2 children early 1-3 children later Early large family 17% 13% 14% 14% 12% 13% 10% 8% 9% 29% 33% 35% 10% 5% 11% 21% 29% 19% 1924-33 1934-43 1944-53

Women 16-54

Source: 1988/89 RS; 1999/00 BHPS; 2008/09 ELSA wave 4

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• Summaries of detailed labour market histories across the lifecourse reveal the complexity
• f men and women’s lives
• Men who started work later, but who left the labour market at around age 60, were more

likely to be socio-economically advantaged

• Cohort comparisons revealed that working full-time throughout the lifecourse has

become less common among men; changes in women’s labour market histories are less marked

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Work Family Histories and Retirement (Chapter 2)

Karen Glaser

King’s College London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

At ages 60-69:

• 57% were mostly out of

the LM

• Just over 10% followed a

pattern involving work beyond SPA

• One-third left the LM at

SPA

Out of labour

market 57%

Full-time to

64 Out of labour market 65+ 27%

Full-time to

67 Out of labour market 68+ 10% Part-time to 64 Out of labour market 65+ 6%

Men’s patterns, 60-69

Source: BHPS/UKHLS

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

At ages 55-64:

• 46% were mostly out
• f the LM
• 20% followed a pattern

involving work (FT or PT) beyond SPA

• 25% exit the LM at

their SPA

Out of labour market 46% Part-time to 59 Out of labour market 60+ 11% Full-time to 59 Out of labour market 60+ 14% Part-time throughout 9% Full-time throughout 12% Part-time to 57 Out of labour market 58+ 5% Full-time to 57 Out of labour market 58+ 4%

Women's patterns, 55-64

Source: BHPS/UKHLS

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 8: Predictors of working full-time past State Pension Age for women relative to those non-employed aged 55-64, 1937-50 cohort

Source: BHPS/UKHLS

1 2 3 4 5 6

Born in 1940s Own with mortgage Post-secondary education Good self-rated health Relative Risk

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 9: Being in paid work more likely for the better educated and the healthier among men

Odds ratio of being in paid work at ages 60-69 by having children late, partner not in paid work, own home but with a mortgage and fair/poor health after taking into account other socio-economic characteristics.

.0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1919-1928

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1929-1938

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1939-48

Source: 1988/89 RS; 1999/00 BHPS; 2008/09 ELSA wave 4

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 10: Probability of full-time work among three birth cohorts of women

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 55 58 60 61 64

1919-1928 Birth Cohort

Mostly full-time throughout /mostly family carer Mostly non-employed throughout Full-time, very early exit Family care to part-time (medium break : 7 years) /mostly part-time Family carer to full-time (medium break: 12 years) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 55 58 60 61 64

1929-1938 Birth Cohort

Mostly full-time throughout /mostly family carer Mostly non-employed throughout Full-time, very early exit Family care to part-time (medium break : 7 years) /mostly part-time Family carer to full-time (medium break: 12 years) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 55 58 60 61 64

1939-48 Birth Cohort

Mostly full-time throughout /mostly family carer Mostly non-employed throughout Full-time, very early exit Family care to part-time (medium break : 7 years) /mostly part-time Family carer to full-time (medium break: 12 years)

Source: 1988/89 RS; 1999/00 BHPS; 2008/09 ELSA wave 4

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chart 11: Unretirement more likely for the better educated and the healthier

Source: BHPS/UKHLS

Hazard ratio of unretirement by gender, education, own with a mortgage and fair/poor health after adding other demographic and socioeconomic variables to the model.

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

Female 1950-59 No Education Own with mortgage Fair or poor Hazard Ratio

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• A large percentage of men and women are not in the labour market in the years leading

up to and following State Pension Age

• For men and women, strong prior labour market attachment and good health are key

predictors of working beyond State Pension Age

• In cohort comparisons, men and women between the ages of 60 and 69 (for men) and 55

and 64 (for women) from the youngest cohort were more likely to be in paid work relative to those from the older cohorts

• Across the period 1991 to 2015, retirement reversals were relatively common in the UK,

with one quarter of older adults unretiring within 15 years of first leaving the labour market and calling themselves ‘retired’

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

The Relationship Between Paid and Unpaid Work at Older Ages (Chapter 3)

Lawrence Sacco King’s College London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• 1. Examine longitudinal patterns of engagement in paid work,

volunteering, civic engagement, informal care and looking after the home in mid to later life (55-70).

• 2. Investigate how patterns of engagement differ according to

gender, socioeconomic and health characteristics.

Research Objectives

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Unpaid work: why does it matter?

• Informal care estimated value: £132 billion per year

(Buckner & Yeandle 2015)

• Volunteering value: £23.9 billion per year (ONS 2013)

Health Benefits:

Reduced mortality & depression Lower likelihood of disability Higher wellbeing

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

engagement pathways/group (age 55-70)

Conf 55/6 Conf 57/8 Conf … Conf 69/70

Stage 2: Longitudinal LCA models Configurations of engagement at ages 55/6, 57/8,…,69/70

Paid work Volunteering Informal care Civic engagement

Stage 1: cross-sectional LCA models

Housework

Two-stage approach

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Engagement groups

Paid and unpaid work pathways Proportion (%)

Group 1 - Workers 45 Group 2 – Mixed activities (Looking after the home) 44 Group 3 - Mixed activities (Volunteering) 11

N = 6,086

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Engagement groups

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69

Group 3 – Mixed activities (Volunteering), 11% Group 2 – Mixed activities (Looking after the home), 44% Group 1 – Paid workers, 45%

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Distribution of groups by gender

88% 8% 35% 12% 92% 65%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

• 1. Paid work
• 2. Mixed activities

(looking after the home)

• 3. Mixed activities

(volunteering)

Men Women

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Distribution of groups by socioeconomic characteristics

38% 23% 51% 33% 35% 30% 29% 42% 19%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

• 1. Paid work
• 2. M/a (looking

after the home)

• 3. M/a

(Volunteering)

Education

High Intermediate No qualification

39% 26% 53% 24% 26% 24% 37% 48% 23%

• 1. Paid work
• 2. M/a (looking

after the home)

• 3. M/a

(volunteering)

Occupational social class

Managerial Intermediate Routine, manual

82% 76% 87% 18% 24% 13%

• 1. Paid work
• 2. M/a (looking

after the home)

• 3. M/a

(volunteering)

Tenure

Homeowner Renting

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Distribution of groups by health at age 50/55

82% 72% 80% 18% 28% 20%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

• 1. Paid work
• 2. Mixed activities (looking

after the home)

• 3. Mixed activities

(volunteering)

No Yes (poor health)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• Longer working lives may not be compatible with engagement in unpaid

work

• Within each group, full time paid work and unpaid activities do not seem to

be related.

• Prior labour market involvement and prior engagement in unpaid work may be driving

these differences

• Gender, socio-economic and health inequalities in engagement.
• Addressing gender inequalities in unpaid work carried out in the home may enable more

women to be in full-time employment for longer.

Conclusion & implications

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Working later and physical health (Chapter 4)

Amanda Sacker, Rebecca Benson, Wentian Lu

University College London

WHERL is an interdisciplinary consortium funded by the cross- research council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing (LLHW) programme under Extending Working Lives (ES/L002825/1)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Research questions

• What is the relationship between labour market

histories before State Pension Age and frailty trajectories in later life?

• Are the labour market histories of mothers linked to

differences in disability and mortality after State Pension Age?

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Main findings

• People’s health on reaching State Pension Age and beyond

depended on their labour market histories

– Leaving work before State Pension Age for those in poor health slowed down natural increases in frailty after retirement among men – Distinct periods that focus on work and family care were associated with a reduction in frailty after State Pension Age among women – Mothers’ labour market histories predicted their later life disability and mortality.

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

What is the relationship between labour market histories before State Pension Age and frailty trajectories in later life?

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

What is frailty?

• Frailty is a clinical syndrome among older adults associated with

numerous poor health outcomes including morbidity, incident disability, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and death

• The Frailty Index is a pointer of non-specific vulnerability for frailty in
• lder age by measuring the accumulation of a large number of

problems such as pain, chronic conditions, falls and fractures, and cognitive deficits

• The index ranges from 0-1 with higher scores indicating greater frailty

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Men’s predicted Frailty Index scores at age 65, independent

• f other social, demographic and economic influences

0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Mostly full-time throughout Mostly non- employed throughout Later start, early exit at around age 60 Full-time, early exit at around age 60 Full-time, very early exit at around age 49

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Men’s predicted Frailty Index scores at age 65, independent of

• ther social, demographic and economic influences

0.05 0.10 0.15 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 Age Mostly full-time throughout Mostly non-employed throughout Full-time, very early exit at around age 49 Full-time, early exit at around age 60 Later start, early exit at around age 60

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Women’s predicted Frailty Index scores at age 60, independent

• f other social demographic and economic influences

0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

Family carer to part- time (short break: 4 years) Family carer to full- time (medium break: 9 years) Family carer to part- time (long break: 16 years) Weak attachment, very early exit Mostly full-time throughout Mostly non- employed/family carer throughout Mostly part-time throughout

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Women’s predicted Frailty Index scores after age 60, independent

• f other social, demographic and economic influences

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Age Family carer to part-time (short break: 4 years) Family carer to full-time (medium break: 9 years) Family carer to part-time (long break: 16 years) Weak attachment, very early exit Mostly full-time throughout

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Are the labour market histories of mothers linked to differences in disability and mortality after State Pension Age?

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Probability of mortality, 2006/07 to 2012, by work family history for mothers over 59 years old at baseline

11% 10% 8% 8% 6% 5% 4% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Family carer to part-time (short break: 4 years) Family carer to full- time (medium break: 9 years) Family carer to part-time (long break: 16 years) Mostly full- time throughout Mostly part- time throughout Weak attachment, very early exit Mostly non- employed /family carer throughout

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Probability of disability by work family history group for ELSA mothers aged 59 years and older in wave 3, independent of social, demographic and economic influences

18% 18% 24% 29% 30% 36% 38%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Family carer to part-time (short break: Family carer to full-time (medium break: 9 years) Family carer to part-time (long break: 16 years) Mostly full- time throughout Mostly part- time throughout Weak attachment, very early exit Mostly non- employed /family carer throughout

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Summary

• Continuous full-time work until retirement age conferred no

long-term health benefits

• For men, leaving the labour market early, possibly in response

to poor health, appeared to prevent increases in frailty following retirement

• For women, taking some time off work for family care appeared

beneficial in the long-term

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Policy implications

• Labour market histories can be used to identify women at

risk of later life disability, allowing targeting of interventions

• Strategies that support breaks from paid work could offer a

healthier prospect for women with caring responsibilities

• For men in poor health, it might be beneficial in the longer

term to be able to leave paid employment before State Pension Age

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Working later and mental health (Chapter 5)

Robert Stewart, Gayan Perera

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Working later and mental health

Robert Stewart, Gayan Perera Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Questions

• What is the relationship between non-employment and

common mental disorder?

• Does it vary according to the reason for non-employment?
• Does it vary by age group?
• Has it varied over time (1993, 2000, 2007)?
• Is it related to particular CMD symptoms?

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Data resources

• British Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys
• 1993 survey – 10,108 aged 16-64; England, Wales, Scotland
• 2000 survey – 8,580 aged 16-74; England, Wales, Scotland
• 2007 survey – 7,403 aged 16+; England
• 2014 survey – data release imminent
• Common mental disorder ascertained using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule

(CIS-R)

• Identical items on demographics, function, employment status, healthcare use
• Data restrictions by age group and country for comparability
• Focus on 55-64 year age group initially

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Association between non-employment and CMD in 55-64 year olds

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Association between reason for non-employment and CMD in 55-64 year olds

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Prevalence (%) of CMD among employed and non-employed participants (all age groups)

Female Male

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Female Male

Prevalence (%) of CMD among employed and non-employed participants (all age groups)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Female Male

Prevalence (%) of CMD among employed and non-employed participants (all age groups)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Female Male

Prevalence (%) of CMD among employed and non-employed participants (all age groups)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Association between non-employment and CMD by age group

(adjusted for marital status, no. of children, education, social class, housing tenure, smoking status, physical health consultations, difficulties in ADL)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Associations between non-employment and CMD symptoms by age group (adjusted)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Association between non-employment and CMD in 65 to 74 year olds

(Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender and marital status; Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1+ education, social class, housing tenure; Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2+ smoking status, difficulties in ADL + seen a doctor in the past 12 months)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Association between non-employment and CMD subcomponents in 65 to 74 year olds (combined surveys)

(Model 1 adjusted for Age, gender and marital status, education, social class, housing tenure, Model 2 additionally adjusted for smoking status, difficulties in ADL, and contact with a doctor in the past 12 months)

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Conclusions

• Mental disorder commonest in non-employed people in any age group

– Particularly in men – Particularly if non-employment is due to short/long-term sickness

• Non-employment is more strongly associated with mental disorder in

more recent years

– Particularly in men – Awaiting 2014 data to confirm this

• Types of mental disorder symptoms associated with non-employment vary

across working age groups

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Pension Accumulation and Gender (Chapter 6)

Debora Price University of Manchester John Adams, Tim Pike Pensions Policy Institute

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Chapter Six: Pension accumulation and gender

• OMAs for recently retired cohorts: illustrative realistic life-courses
• We investigate how women with those lifecourses have fared and will

fare in accumulating pension income with economic and policy changes

• ver the decades they have been working, and now
• Method: the Pension Policy Institute (PPI) Individual Model [Pension

Income given in 2016 earnings terms]

• Three PPI Briefing Notes published

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Labour market histories Proportion of women aged 60-69 (cohorts born 1937-46) Mostly full-time throughout 27% Mostly non-employed throughout 17% Weak attachment, very early exit (at around age 49) 7% Family carer to PT work to SPA (long break: 16 yrs) 12% Family carer to PT work to SPA (short break: 4 yrs) 13% Family carer to FT work to SPA (medium break: 9 yrs) 18% Mostly part-time throughout (from about age 23) 6% Labour market histories of women aged 60-69, cohorts born 1937-46

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant. £122 £96 £90 £37 £22 £66 £179 £168 £165 £162 £162 £162

• £50

£0 £50 £100 £150 £200 £250 £300 £350 Man, full- time throughout No children, FT throughout 2 children (in 20s) but FT throughout 1 child, short break (4 yrs) then PT 2 children, long break (16 yrs) then PT 2 children, medium break (9 yrs) then FT

Private Pension State Pension Other/tax

£286 £227 £187 £202 £249 £256

Women

Median earners, income at age 66

Source: WHERL: The Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse project Final Report, 2017

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant. £95 £122 £162 £73 £96 £126 £168 £179 £194 £162 £168 £179

• £50

£0 £50 £100 £150 £200 £250 £300 £350 £400

30th percentile Median earner 70th percentile 30th percentile Median earner 70th percentile

Private Pension State Pension Other/tax

£255 £288 £255 £232 £329 £285

Women Men

Full-time throughout, no children, income at age 66: 30th, 50th, 70th percentiles

Source: WHERL: The Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse project Final Report, 2017

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant. £122 £122 £103 £96 £93 £51 £179 £191 £212 £168 £174 £186

• £50

£0 £50 £100 £150 £200 £250 £300 £350

Age 55 Age 60 Age 65 Age 55 Age 60 Age 65

Private Pension State Pension Other/tax

£285 £235 £259 £255 £298 £296

Women Men

Cohort differences, income age 66, median earners, full-time throughout, no children

Source: WHERL: The Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse project Final Report, 2017

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

£22 £22 £12 £162 £159 £144 £0 £50 £100 £150 £200 Age 55 Age 60 Age 65 Private Pension State Pension Other/tax

£187 £160 £184

Women with two children, 4 year break then PT work, median earners, income age 66

Source: WHERL: The Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse project Final Report, 2017

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Pension income (state and private) – median earner: Base projection Returns to work a year earlier Returns to work five years earlier Retires a year after SPA Retires 5 years after SPA (i.e. at 71) 16 year break followed by PT work to SPA 184 185 189 186 195 9 year break followed by FT work to SPA 228 231 241 231 248

Source: WHERL: The Wellbeing, Health, Retirement and the Lifecourse project Final Report, 2017

Number of days worked per week after returning from 16 year break from paid work, median earner, income at 66 1 2 3 4 5 Pension Income (state and private) 175 184 194 203 213 Percentage of income from private pension 7% 12% 16% 20% 24%

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

• So far, only about a quarter of women have had lifecourses approximating FT work,

this seems to be changing pretty slowly. Long gaps and PT work remain significant.

• Gender pay gaps and motherhood pay gaps remain critical issue for women’s

pensions; being in the paid workforce is insufficient for pension accumulation if you don’t earn enough

• PT work doesn’t build much pension, even at median earnings. Policies that focus on

supporting women (mothers, carers) into PT work may make little difference to pensions

• The abolition of Additional Pension impacts women’s ability to accumulate adequate

retirement income

• The State Pension will remain a critical component of women’s income and supporting

and maintaining it is vital to women’s later life wellbeing

Policy Implications

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Refreshment break

Seminar recommencing at 15.45

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Keynote Speaker Sir Steve Webb Royal London

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Panel Discussion

WHERL is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) through an Extended Working Lives Consortia Grant.

Thank you for coming Please join us for refreshments and networking