Air Pollution in Indian Cities Current Status and Prospects for a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Air Pollution in Indian Cities Current Status and Prospects for a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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! Air Pollution in Indian Cities Current Status and Prospects for a Cleaner Future ! Joshua Apte, PhD Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Austin JSApte@lbl.gov Fellow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 21 November 2014 Outline

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Joshua Apte, PhD JSApte@lbl.gov 21 November 2014

Air Pollution in Indian Cities

Current Status and Prospects for a Cleaner Future

! !

Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Austin Fellow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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Outline and Goals for Seminar

  • Status: the science of India’s

pollution crisis

  • Outlook: prospects for controlling

the situation

! !

  • Opportunities for US to


contribute to solutions

!

  • How can you protect yourself from

pollution?

3 Indian haze from a NASA satellite Delhi’s “fog”, January 2014

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Winter Nightmares (2014 edition)

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2/5/2014 Hindustan Times e-Paper http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx 1/2

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Air pollution is a global health issue

5 Source: Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study Lim et al, The Lancet, 2012 Lozano et al, The Lancet, 2012

300k 600k 900k 1.2 M 1.5 M Malaria AIDS Tuberculosis Unimproved water / sanitation High body-mass index Childhood underweight Ambient particulate matter pollution Tobacco smoking Household air pollution from solid fuels High blood pressure Dietary risks Premature Deaths (2010)

1.6 M 1.1 M 1.0 M 1.0 M 630 k 213 k 152 k 137 k 424 k 176 k 48 k

Other selected risks and causes Top 5 risks

Ambient PM2.5 is the #5 risk for death in India

Risk factors for premature death in India

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Particulate matter pollution

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  • Sustainability engineering challenge: reduce PM by 10×
  • Fine particles (PM2.5) can penetrate deep into

the lungs

  • Conclusive evidence of major adverse health

effects

  • Premature death, lung cancer, heart attacks,

stroke, respiratory diseases

  • Annual average levels in Indian cities ~

50-150 µg m-3

  • Compare:
  • US EPA ambient standard: 12 µg m-3
  • WHO guideline concentration: 10 µg m-3

Satellite mapping of PM2.5 (Brauer et al, 2012)

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PM2.5 in India: sources & science

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PM sources include emissions (“primary PM”) 
 and atmospheric formation (“secondary PM”) from precursors

  • Primary PM2.5 emissions contributions in Delhi
  • Road transport ~ 20-40%
  • Industry ~ 15-30%
  • Power generation ~ 15-20%
  • Brick kilns ~ 10-15%
  • Diesel backup generators ~ 5-15%
  • Domestic ~ 10-15%
  • Waste/trash burning ~ 5-10%
  • Road dust ~ 5-10%
  • Construction ~ 5-10%

  • Secondary formation is poorly understood in India


Likely contributes 30-50% of total urban PM2.5

Sources Guttikunda & Calori, Atmos. Env. 2013 Sahu et al., Atmos. Env. 2011

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What is a safe level?

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AQI PM Statement

Good 0-50 0-12 µg m None Moderate 51-100 12-35 µg m Unusually sensitive people 
 should consider reducing prolonged/heavy exertion Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 35-55 µg m Children should reduce prolonged/heavy exertion

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What is a safe level?

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AQI PM Statement

Unhealthy 151-200 55-150 µg m Children should avoid
 prolonged/heavy exertion Very Unhealthy 201-300 150-250 µg m Children should avoid
 all physical activity outdoors Hazardous 301-500 250-500 µg m Children should remain indoors and keep all activity levels low

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Ambient PM? It gets worse...

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In traffic: in-vehicle exposures Ambient fixed site

How much higher are PM levels in traffic than in ambient air?

  • ~200 hours of real-time (1 second) PM measurements in Delhi vehicles
  • Ambient concentrations
  • Rush hour in-vehicle exposures along a fixed 39 km route (80 trips)
  • PM2.5, Black Carbon (BC), Ultrafine Particles (UFP)

Collaborators: IIT-Delhi, UCB, LBNL, UMN | Journal article: Apte et al., Atmos. Environ. 45, 4470-4480, 2011.

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Rickshaw-based mobile exposure lab

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Ultrafine Particles (UFP)
 Fine PM (PM2.5) Black Carbon (BC)

Regional pollutant, many sources Marker of traffic pollution Local marker of traffic pollution

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Key result: on-road >> ambient

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PM BC UFP

µg m µg m × 10

Auto- Rickshaw 200 ± 11 43 ± 3.4 290 ± 22 Ambient 140 ± 13 14 ± 1.9 38 ± 3.4 Ratio 1.5 × 3.6 × 8.4 ×

N = 62 trips (~180 h), Feb - May 2010 (Arithmetic mean ± 95% CI)

Ambient air in Delhi is heavily polluted. On-road air is much worse.

Compare PM2.5 data: India annual standard (NAAQS) = 40 µg m -3 US EPA NAAQS = 12 µg m-3 | WHO air quality guideline = 10 µg m-3

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Transient peak exposures

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20 40 60 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time (min) PN (1000 cm-3)

Peak ~ 46% On-road ~ 42% Ambient ~ 12%

20 40 60 80 100

PM2.5 BC PN

67% 19% 14% 31% 30% 39% 42% 14% 44%

Fraction of trip-integrated exposure (%)

Do brief peak exposures matter for total?

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60% of Delhi lives in “impact zone”

19 Traffic Impact Zone 500 m from major roads, 50 m from minor roads

Traffic air pollution exposures are elevated in for large populations in the near-roadway zone.

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India’s AQ problems are solvable

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Emissions (t/d) Population (millions) Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide 1975 42,000 1300 21.5 2010 10,500 300 38.7

Sustainability engineering challenge: reduce PM2.5 levels by 10× {while growing economy + population, addressing climate change} One model: California’s air pollution success story

Data: http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/emissiondata.htm, via WW Nazaroff

Per capita emissions reduced 7-8× in 35 years

Serious change requires political backing, long-term discipline, 
 dedicated technical capacity and financial resources.

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Approaches to pollution control

  • Complementary approaches to control
  • Reduce / avoid demand for services
  • Provide services more efficiently
  • Reduce emissions at source via control technologies

  • Agenda for action: policy options
  • Vehicle emission standards + clean fuels
  • Modern emissions controls for power & industry
  • Urban planning and public transit are essential
  • Reduce informal sector emissions

!

  • Invest in “infrastructure”: technical capacity, research

facilities and staff, policy design, monitoring networks


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AQ ↔ climate ↔ health nexus

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Controlling air pollution can protect health,
 slow climate change and improve food security

  • Common sources:


Major air pollution sources are also major CO2 emitters


  • Common impacts:
  • Air pollution affects health, climate and crops
  • Climate change affects pollution, health and crops

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  • Efficient policies can achieve win-win-win scenarios

  • Incorporate air quality into clean energy dialogue?
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What drives action? The US experience

Mandate for Action Health Studies Monitoring Data Scientific Basis Public Awareness

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Protecting yourself

  • Home / office air filtration
  • Air cleaner with sufficient handling capacity,

HEPA filter

  • Use care with ionic-type cleaners, which can

produce harmful ozone

  • Test your home before and after

!

  • On the road
  • Windows closed + recirculation on 


+ A/C as needed

  • N95 masks effective for adults if worn correctly

!

  • Changing your habits
  • Avoid outdoor exercise during pollution episodes
  • Pollution highest late night / early morning

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Summary

  • Air pollution in India is a health risk of comparable scale to

“traditional” global health challenges.

!

  • Major limitations to monitoring data. Large need for research &

technical capacity


  • Strategies for clean air are straightforward, but require major and

sustained investment.


  • Huge potential to exploit synergies in AQ - climate - health nexus

!

  • USA has much to offer India to aid in clearing the air

  • In the meantime ... hold your breath!

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