A UNIQUE RESEARCH PROGRAM in Qubec Stability of metal-rich solids - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A UNIQUE RESEARCH PROGRAM in Québec Stability of metal-rich solids from laboratory multi-step treatment system for ferriferous acid mine drainage

• M. Jouini1, T.V Rakotonimaro1, M. Benzaazoua1, T. Genty1, C.M. Neculita1

NAXOS2018, June 15, Naxos, Greece

1 Research Institute on Mines and Environment (RIME),

University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue (UQAT), CANADA

• Introduction
• Context and issues
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results and discussion
• Conclusion and recommendations

Outline

2

The 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Naxos Island, Greece, 13–16 June 2018

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Methodology Results Conclusion Introduction

Background

• Multi-step passive treatment system

 combination of several passive treatment units (chemical/ biological/ aerobic/ anaerobic/ anoxic; USEPA, 2014)  presently preferred to treat acid mine drainage (AMD) impacted-waters in closed and/or abandoned mine sites (Skousen et al., 2017)

Examples:

• Passive

biochemical reactor (PBR1) + Dispersed alkaline substrate (DAS2) (Rakotonimaro et al., 2018) (Canada, Quebec)

• DAS+ cascade aeration (Caraballo et al., 2011) (Spain)
• Aeration rock channel + PBR + re-aeration limestone (Clyde et al., 2016) (US,

California)

• Aerobic reed beds + anaerobic cell + rock filters (Whitehead et al., 2005) (UK)

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Methodology Results Conclusion Introduction

Background

• Typical physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics of residues

(metal-rich solid precipitates) from passive AMD-treatment systems

• Physicochemical
• CaCO3-DAS rich in Fe and in Al, MgO-DAS rich in Zn (Macías et al., 2012), Wood Ash-

DAS rich in Fe (Rakotonimaro et al., 2018)

• PBR rich in Fe (Neculita et al., 2008; Genty et al., 2018) and in As (Fernandez-Rojo et al.,

2017)

• Mineralogical
• Crystallized and amorphous phase of (oxy)hyroxides rich in Fe, Al, Zn etc.
• Sulfates (gypsum)
• Carbonates
• Sulfides (biological treatment)

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Methodology Results Conclusion Introduction

Background

• Stability of metal-rich residues in AMD passive treatment systems
• Fe-rich residues from PBRs must be stored under water at a near neutral pH

(Genty et al, 2012)

• As-rich residues from PBRs were not categorized as a hazardous wastes

according to TCLP* test (Jong and Parry, 2005)

• Metal-rich residues (As, Cr and Se) from PBRs are relatively stable and could

be classified as a non-hazardous material according to TCLP test (Simonton et al., 2000)

• Metal-rich residues (Fe, Al and Zn) from DAS systems should not be disposed

in landfill and have to be stored in a dry environment according to TCLP test, EN 12457-2 test ** and SEP*** (Macías et al., 2012)

*Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure **European Leaching test used to discern the type of landfill disposal that better hosts wastes ***Sequential Extraction Procedure

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Methodology Results Conclusions Introduction

Background Issues

• Issues
• Limited available knowledge on the storage / disposal of residues

and of the fate of contaminants in this contaminated waste

• Inconsistent

stability (chemical compositions and physical properties depending on the quality of the water to be treated)  necessity of a case by case management approach

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Solids sampling Physicochemical and mineralogical characterization Leaching tests 1 2 3

Physicochemical characterization

• Paste pH
• Chemical composition (digestion)

Mineralogical characterization

• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS)
• X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

Leaching tests

• Single-batch leaching test: TCLP1
• Parallel batch leaching test: pH-static leaching test 2

1 TCLP (USEPA, 1992; CEAEQ, 2012) 2 CEN/TS 14429, 2005; Method 1313 (USEPA, 2012) The 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Naxos Island, Greece, 13–16 June 2018

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Sampling of solids (laboratory)

• Multi-step passive treatment system (Rakotonimaro et al., 2018)
• 2 units of Fe pre-treatment (50% wood ash and 50% wood chips- WA50-1

and WA50-2)

• 1 unit of SO4

2- treatment (10% sand, 70% organic materials, 20% calcite)

• 1 polishing unit (50% calcite and 50% wood chips - C50)

Fe pre-treatment Treatment of SO4

2-

Polishing

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Physicochemical characterization Measured/ analyzed parameters Interpretations Paste pH

• Neutral to weakly basic in all units (6.8-8.5); the highest in

polishing unit- C50 (8.1-8.5); the lowest in the pretreatment unit-WA50 (6.8-7.8) Chemical composition

• Higher metal concentrations in WA50 (due to high contaminant

load in AMD)

• High Fe concentration found in WA50 (42000±900 mg/kg)
• Al found in all solids; the highest value in WA50; 26000±2500

mg/kg for WA50, 5476±408 mg/kg for PBR and 966±300 mg/kg for C50

• Total S varied from 7600 to17000 mg/kg; the highest in WA50

(11000±500 mg/kg)

• As, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations: below the detection

limit (<5 mg/kg) in PBR and C50

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Physicochemical characterization Mineralogical characterization

Phases Results WA50 PBR C50 Oxyhydroxides

• Phases consisting

mainly of Fe, O and Ca

• Hematite, jarosite
• Phases consisting

mainly of Fe and O, with S, Mg and Ca

• Schwertmannite,

hematite

• Hematite,

ferrhydrite Sulfides and sulfates

• Anydrite, basanite,

Troilite

• Anhydrite, gypsum,

native sulfur

• Native sulfur,

anhydrite Carbonates

• Calcite, siderite
• Calcite
• Calcite

Silicates

• Quartz, sanidine, albite,
• rthoclase
• Quartz, oligoclase
• Quartz
• SEM-EDS and XRD

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Leaching tests Physicochemical characterization Mineralogical characterization

• TCLP

D019: Québec’s provincial regulation MMER: Canadian discharge limits as specified in the metal mining effluent regulation UTS: The worldwide or universal treatment standard CCC: The criterion of continuous concentration CCC UTS TCLP CCC UTS TCLP

D019; MMER

CCC D019 D019 MMER CCC UTS

D019; MMER UTS CCC

• Low Al and Fe

concentrations in all solids

• Zn concentrations in

WA50 exceed all regulatory limits

• Higher Ni concentrations

in WA50 according to D019, MMER and CCC limits

• Low Cr concentrations in

WA50

• Low Cu concentrations

in all solids

• As, Cd and Pb

concentrations below detection limit

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Leaching tests Physicochemical characterization Mineralogical characterization

• pH-static leaching test (pH=2 –13)

D019: Québec’s provincial regulation MMER: Canadian discharge limits as specified in the metal mining effluent regulation WA50: lowest ANC C50 highest ANC and high natural pH Maximal Zn dissolution WA50 presented the highest values High release of SO4

especially in PBR Between pH 6-12, Zn concentrations below D019 and MMER limits Low concentrations

• f

SO4

(<100 mg/L) at pH>7. Al from WA50 and PBR strongly leached at pH<5 Al concentration was <1.1 mg/L

• ver the entire pH range for C50

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Leaching tests Physicochemical characterization Mineralogical characterization

• pH-static leaching test (continuation)

D019: Québec’s provincial regulation MMER: Canadian discharge limits as specified in the metal mining effluent regulation Fe concentration <0.2 mg/L from all solids at pH 6.5–8 and respect the regulation limits Higher Fe concentration at pH<4 and pH>9; the highest in WA50 and PBR Weakly As leaching from PBR and C50 relative to WA50 As concentration above the limits of D019 (0.2 mg/L) at pH <3 and pH>11 in WA50 High Ni concentration at acidic and strongly basic pH for WA50 and PBR Low Ni concentration from C50 (below D019 and MMER) High Cu concentration at pH<6 and pH>12 in WA50 and PBR Low concentration of Cu in C50 and respect D019 and MMER limits

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Results Conclusions Introduction Methodology

Discussion Mineralogical characterization Leaching tests

• Based on TCLP test
• According to limits of TCLP, D019, MMER and UTS, solids from PBR and C50 are

considered as non-hazardous, could be co-disposed with municipal wastes and do not require preliminary treatment before their release in the natural environment. However, with the CCC limits, these solids could be hazardous with consideration of Zn concentration

• WA50 is considered as a hazardous residue (high Ni and Zn concentrations) that

could not be stored or co-disposed with municipal wastes.

• Based on pH-static leaching test
• Disposal of all solids in neutral to slightly basic pH areas is recommended
• Disposal in a surface impoundment, waste pile or landfill (at pH range of 7–8) could be

considered for all solids (respecting the threshold limits of D019 and MMER)

D019: Québec’s provincial regulation MMER: Canadian discharge limits as specified in the metal mining effluent regulation

Physicochemical characterization

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Methodology Results Conclusions Introduction

Essais batch

• Concluding remarks
• All solids had high neutralizing potential especially the polishing unit (C50)
• Significant metal concentrations were measured in all solids, particularly in the pre-

treatment unit (WA50)

• Fe was not a problematic contamination according to the TCLP test
• The pHstat results suggested that all solids should be stored in near neutral to

slightly basic pH environment in order to prevent metal release

• Contaminated drainage with significant concentration of Ni (in the pre-treatment unit-

WA50) and Zn (in all units) could occurred according to CCC regulation thresholds

• A potential co-disposal with municipal wastes could be a storage option for solids from

the PBR and C50 (based on TCLP, D019, MMER and UTS limits only).

• Recommendations
• Additional leaching tests (SPLP, CTEU-9, etc.)
• Kinetic tests to assess long-term metal stability
• Options for metal recovery

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References

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ENVIRONMENT, 338: 125-135 The 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Naxos Island, Greece, 13–16 June 2018

A UNIQUE RESEARCH PROGRAM in Québec

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A UNIQUE RESEARCH PROGRAM in Québec

RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON MINES AND ENVIRONMENT

The 6th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Naxos Island, Greece, 13–16 June 2018