Policing Social Tension: The Long View Cumberland Lodge 2016 Dr - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Policing Social Tension: The Long View Cumberland Lodge 2016 Dr Timothy Brain

Alternative: the British Policing model has historically implicitly recognised the use of extreme force in extreme circumstances

‘Social Tension’? • Stress in society, or sections of society, which are • a consequence of adverse factors – Economic – Social – racial – political • which may lead to serious disorder • The social tension may go unnoticed and unaddressed until after serious disorder has occurred

CoP Public Order Planning and Deployment ? Riot 12 or more persons Use or threaten Unlawful violence For a common purpose Conduct cause a person of Reasonable firmness To fear for their personal safety

Stone, Le Bon & Brain ‘Social Tension Curve’ Dynamics Riot Containment/ suppression/ Uncertain consequences exhaustion/ absence of leadership? Trigger(s) Extended tension (sporadic recurrences) Political interventions Precipitants Investigation/ Exemplary sentencing?/ Inquiries(?) Preconditions New normality?/ Opportunities for avoidance ‘learn the lessons’

‘Nurturing the British Policing model’? • 18 th century theories on prevention – quasi social control? • Value in PO situations apparent as early as 1833 • Consideration of ‘Third Force’ – Special Constables • An important factor in role out of ‘New Police’ 1835 -1856 • Specialist selection and training • Troops (‘Yeomanry’ (early) and regulars (later) continued to be used in support until 1920s • Special constables sanctioned but used less in PO situations after 1848 until 1926

Evolution – 1870s-1960s

Transition 1968 ‘Winning by appearing to lose’ 1980 1976 1977 1981

Rapid change 1981 Scarman ACPO PO Report Manual 1983 1981 1981 1985 ‘Crisis of legitimacy’

Categories of disorder – by estimated ‘common purpose’ • Political • Sectarian • Labour dispute • Communal (‘Racial’) • Environmental • Anti Police • Football(?) • Social protest • Commodity

Riots & civil disobedience categories since 1900 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Liverpool Sectarian Liverpool Sectarian Liverpool Dock Police Strike London B’ham & L’pool Canadian demob Suffragettes Pro war Cornish Clay Workers WW1 anti Communal x7 Black Friday (S Shields, L’pool etc German Girmbsy Dock S Wales Mining WW1 anti Pehrhyn Quarry Police Strikes x2 (Tonypandy) German Liverpool Sectarian Pro Bolshevism (Luton) London Dock Strike 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Boer TDA Syndi Suffra Lock HOC WW1 Russi Europ Desborough War S 2 calis ttes out an e HO Pol Dept m Rev Revs Comintern Somali/Arab/White Unemployed march employment riots Miners’ Strike S Shields Liverpool S Wales, Yorks, National Unemployed Violent picketing marches Hyde Park; Unemployed march Battle of Cable St Liverpool; on Downing St (BUF) Old Market (Bristol) General Strike ,2000+ arrests mainly NE Blaina Pro Bolshevism Unemp marches Sheffield Bristol, S Wales, Unemp march Manchester peaceful 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Emg NUW Miner Gen Cut in POA WW2 Wall BUF Powe CM s’ Strike benef 1936 St formed rs Act Strike it NUW Benefit M cut Unemp marches White on black Nottingham, Notting Anti Jewish Riots Hill M'chester & L'pool 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 Palest N Com Short ine C’we muni Reces alth st Ifit sion

Left v right Red Grosvenor Sq Lewisham Lion Sq (K Gately) (Shields deployed) Anti SA Rugby Saltley Coke Depot Southall (Blair Notting Hill Peach) Grunwick 3 rd Miners’ strike 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NI Civ Rts US V’na TDA Radic US In Ind ‘U Oil Wint Con ‘Rivers of Civil m esc RRA al St u riots Place Rel turn’ shock er of elect Blood’ Rts Al Strife Act Dis’t MP Com Rel Dept Hartcliffe Football x3 Brixton, (London), Reclaim St B'ham & Ely (Cardiff) Toxteth, Moss Side, Camden/Shoreham Miners’ Strike Carnival Handsworth, + Orgreave + others? Blackbird Leys Disability Rights Against C'ism others + others Wapping J18 Bradford & Brixton Greenham Op Delivery Common Luton Dewsbury begins B'ham G8 Welling ANL 'Stonehenge' Steel Strike CEGB Devon Student Castlemorton Common (2ndaries) Handsworth, loans/ & Twyford Down Poll Tax Brixton, anti Thatcher riots St Paul's Newbury Bypass Warrington Print Tottenham Blackburn & Burnley 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Reces Unem ACPO Miner SA Com Rodn Los Fuel Vanc HRA Seattl sion p 3m PO s’ Town Charg ey Angel Esc ouver 1998 e Man Strike ships e King es Rt tax APEC Guido Mask Sussex Fracking Kingsnorth CC Students May Day Asian/Balack Demo Carnival Stock Exchnage/Occupy Lozells, Handsworth G20 Millwall v B'ham London/B'heath/ Bristol Tescos Fuel Dispute Drax, Mk Pov Hist, Ratcliffe Oldham, Bradford, Tottenham Pro Hunting W Ham v M'wall Leeds, Burnley Heathrow CC August 2011 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Trafalgar GK Sq/Fairford/Menwith Riots/2 Reces HMIC .5 m Cisse Iraq sion ‘Adap unemp case War ting’

UK Unemployment and GDP Rates since 1900 25.00 Wall St crash National Government 20.00 Lloyd George budget Oil Shock, Miners’ strike, 3 day week 15.00 Coalition First black officer recruited Liberal landslide Mugging panic 10.00 Suez Annual % 5.00 0.00 Heath U turn Labour elected -5.00 Conservatives elected SPG formed RMS Windrush -10.00 War War War War -15.00 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1921 1924 1927 1930 1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 GDP % Unemployment %

UK Unemployment and GDP Rates since 1900 Miners’ Strike 25.00 S Wales, Yorks, Violent picketing General Strike ,2000+ arrests mainly NE 20.00 Pro Bolshevism (Luton) National Unemployed Police Strikes (x2) Marches Hyde Park; Miners’ Strike Communal (x7) Liverpool; Orgreave + others? Old Market (Bristol) Police Strike London 15.00 Saltley Coke Depot London Dock Liverpool Dock Grunwick S Wales Mining 10.00 White on black (Tonypandy) August 2011 Nottingham, Notting Hill Annual % 5.00 0.00 Blaina Wapping Warrington Print -5.00 Unemp marches Girmbsy Dock Steel Strike Bristol, S Wales, Pehrhyn Quarry (2ndaries) Manchester -10.00 Cornish Clay Workers -15.00 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1921 1924 1927 1930 1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 GDP % Unemployment %

UK Unemployment and GDP Rates since 1900 25.00 Cable St Hartcliffe etc 20.00 Tottenham, etc Tottenham August 2011 Brixton etc 15.00 Bradford & Brixton St Paul’s Notting Hill Students 10.00 Notting Hill Anti Jewish Annual % 5.00 0.00 Lewisham -5.00 (Shields deployed) -10.00 -15.00 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1921 1924 1927 1930 1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 GDP % Unemployment %

Tonypandy 1910

Capt Lionel Lindsay (CC 1891- 1937)