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A New Kind of Teammate: How a Robot’s Opinion Shapes Human Preference for Interaction

Sean Christeson Nichole Silva Danielle Benitez Marlena R. Fraune

Introduction

• Robots are becoming more prevalent. For them to help people, we must learn how best to work with

them.

• Robots should maximize efgective communication with humans across cultures (Hui, 1988).

○ Individualism (IND): place personal interest over shared group goals ○ Collectivism (COL): place group interest over individual goals

• Collectivism may increase preference for robot teammates that use group-based language whereas

individualism may increase preference for individual-based language (Smith & Mackie, 2015).

Introduction

• Cultural difgerences in the acceptance of robots has already been observed (Kaplan, 2004).
• A previous study examining participant group identification with a robotic partner based on

language use found that participants prefered group-based language (Correia et. al, 2018).

Method

Game

• Participants “compete” with a team in

Portugal.

• Estimation Game: Participants and the

robot estimate an answer.

• Participants input the final answer.
• Robots express emotion according to

condition.

• The participant was not made aware if

they lost or won the game against the team in Portugal. Survey

• Attitude towards the robot (Correia et

al., 2018).

• Individualism/Collectivism (Triandis &

Gelfland, 1998).

• Group Identification (Triandis et al.,

1988).

• Demographics- nationality, gender, and the

condition utilized on the participant.

Method

• Game Conditions

○ Individual based emotion (e.g.,”I am impressed with your guess”) ○ Group based emotion (e.g., “I am impressed with our performance”) Positive Negative Group-Based We work well together! We are the best! We were not so good this time... We may have estimated incorrectly... Individual-Based I am impressed with your performance! That was a great guess on your part! I am so ashamed of my guess.. Next time I will try harder...

Hypothesis

• [H1] - Participants will respond more positively towards robots that display more

group-based language compared to individual-based language.

• [H2] - Participants will respond more negatively towards robots that display more

individual-based language compared to group-based language.

Results

n = 7, p = .428 n = 7, p = .009

Discussion

• There was no difgerence between the two groups in terms of positive emotions or attitudes

(H1 not supported).

• Participants showed significantly more negative emotions in the individual-based condition

than the group-based condition (H2 supported).

• Our data aligns with the previously study in Portugal (Correia et al., 2018), in that

individual-based language elicited more negative emotions.

• However, due to the low number of participants (n = 7), it is ill-advised to draw conclusions

without further testing.

Future Directions

• Participant INDCOL scores can be used as another measure to test individual or group-based

language against. ○ In particular, the hypotheses would be that more collectivistic participants would prefer group-based language, while more individualistic participants would prefer individual-based language.

References

Correia, F., Mascarenhas, S., Prada, R., Melo, F. S., & Paiva, A. (2018). Group-based emotions in teams of humans and robots. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI

• 18. doi:10.1145/3171221.3171252

Hui, H.C. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 17-36. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(88)90022-0 Kaplan, F. (2004). Who is afraid of the humanoid? Investigating cultural difgerences in the acceptance of robots. International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, 1 (3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219843604000289 Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2015). Dynamics of group-based emotions: insights from intergroup emotions

• theory. Emotion Review, 7, (4), 349-354. doi:10.1177/1754073915590614

Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323-338. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.323 Triandis, H. C. & Gelfland, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and

• collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.