A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELF-STRUCTURING ANTENNA TEMPLATES B. T. - - PDF document

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A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELF-STRUCTURING ANTENNA TEMPLATES B. T. - - PDF document

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A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELF-STRUCTURING ANTENNA TEMPLATES B. T. Perry*, J.A. Nanzer J. E. Ross L.L. Nagy and E.J. Rothwell John Ross & Associates Delphi Research Labs ECE Department 422 N. Chicago Street 51786 Shelby Pkwy Michigan

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SLIDE 1

A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELF-STRUCTURING ANTENNA TEMPLATES

  • B. T. Perry*, J.A. Nanzer
  • J. E. Ross

L.L. Nagy and E.J. Rothwell John Ross & Associates Delphi Research Labs ECE Department 422 N. Chicago Street 51786 Shelby Pkwy Michigan State University Salt Lake City, Utah Shelby Township, MI East Lansing, MI 48824 johnross@johnross.com rothwell@egr.msu.edu Successful operation of a self-structuring antenna (SSA) depends both on the large number of available antenna states, and the underlying characteristics of the antenna template. For example, if an antenna template is too small, an SSA likely won’t perform well for low frequency applications, regardless of the switch states. Another possibility is that an SSA template is of appropriate size; in this case, the performance of the antenna depends on both the switch states and the configuration of the antenna elements. Up to this point, the effect of the underlying characteristics of the antenna template, i.e., the configuration of the antenna elements, has not been thoroughly studied. This paper looks to characterize the effect of the SSA template layout, using measured data such as standing wave ratio (SWR), antenna patterns, and input impedance. By finding the effect of template layout on the performance of the SSA, guidelines can be created by which future layouts can be designed. Through this process, self- structuring antenna templates can be custom designed to better fit particular applications. This paper uses measured performance criteria to compare and contrast several SSA template designs. These designs include a “standard”, linearly spaced SSA template, as described in previous work, a variation based on a log-periodic design, and several templates that are fairly application specific. The application specific templates are configured such that all switches and control hardware are aligned along one edge of the template. This allows the SSA to be used in applications where the placement of both the feed network and the switches are desired to be hidden away.

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SLIDE 2

A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELF-STRUCTURING ANTENNA TEMPLATES

  • B. T. Perry*, J.A. Nanzer
  • J. E. Ross

L.L. Nagy and E.J. Rothwell John Ross & Associates Delphi Research Labs ECE Department 422 N. Chicago Street 51786 Shelby Pkwy Michigan State University Salt Lake City, Utah Shelby Township, MI East Lansing, MI 48824 johnross@johnross.com rothwell@egr.msu.edu

  • 1. Commission and session topic: B1.1 Antenna Analysis and Design
  • 2. Required presentation equipment: PowerPoint display
  • 3. Corresponding author:

Edward J. Rothwell Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Phone: 517-355-5231 e-mail: rothwell@egr.msu.edu FAX: 517-353-1980

  • 6. New knowledge contributed by paper: This is the first comprehensive

comparison of differing self-structuring antenna template designs utilizing measured data.

  • 7. Relationship to previous work: Self-structuring antennas were introduced by

the authors at the 2000, 2001, and 2002 URSI National Radio Science Meetings. The basic operation and analysis of the antenna were described in these papers.

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SLIDE 3

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 1 June 24, 2003

A Comparison of Several Self-Structuring Antenna Templates

URSI B Session 56 Tuesday June 24, 8:20 am, Knox MSU EM Group

B.T. Perry, J.A. Nanzer*, E.J. Rothwell, L.C. Kempel Michigan State University J.E. Ross, John Ross and Associates L.L. Nagy, Delphi Research Labs

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SLIDE 4

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 2 June 24, 2003

Overview of Presentation

  • Introduction to Self-Structuring Antennas (SSAs)
  • Description of templates
  • Measured SWR results
  • Measured pattern results
  • Conclusions
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SLIDE 5

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 3 June 24, 2003

Self-Structuring Antenna Concept

  • Self-Structuring Antenna system:
  • Re-optimizes itself when its electromagnetic environment changes
  • Arranges itself into a large number of possible antenna configurations
  • Uses information from a receiver or sensor to determine fitness of each

configuration and determines future configurations

  • Searches through possible configurations using binary search routine such as;

Genetic algorithms (GAs) Simulated annealing (SA) Ant colony optimization (ACO)

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SLIDE 6

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 4 June 24, 2003

Self-Structuring Antenna (SSA)

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SLIDE 7

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 5 June 24, 2003

Self-Structuring Antenna Template

  • A self-structuring antenna template is

comprised of a large number of wire segments or patches interconnected by controllable switches

  • For each configuration, the states of the

switches determine the electrical characteristics of the antenna

  • For a template with n switches, there are

2n possible configurations

  • An asymmetric topology provides more

diversity and less repeated states than a symmetric topology

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SLIDE 8

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 6 June 24, 2003

Templates studied

  • Four different templates were studied
  • “Standard” template
  • Log-periodic design
  • Edge-switch template 1
  • Edge-switch template 2
  • Templates with switches located along the edge may prove more

useful for automotive applications

  • Templates with switches concentrated near the feed may be less

affected by switch failures

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SLIDE 9

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 7 June 24, 2003

Templates studied

  • “Standard”

template

  • 32 switches =

4.3 billion combinations

  • 16`` x 22``
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SLIDE 10

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 8 June 24, 2003

Templates studied

  • Log-periodic

template

  • 32 switches
  • 16`` x 22``
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SLIDE 11

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 9 June 24, 2003

Templates studied

  • Edge-

switched Type 1

  • 32 switches
  • 16`` x 22``
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SLIDE 12

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 10 June 24, 2003

Templates studied

  • Edge-

switched Type 2

  • 32 switches
  • 16`` x 22``
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SLIDE 13

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 11 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

  • Experimental setup
  • Measure 30,000

independent antenna states

  • Look at statistical

distribution of SWR values

  • SWR calculated

relative to 200Ω Ω Ω Ω

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SLIDE 14

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 12 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

50 MHz S E1 E2 L

Standard Log-periodic

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SLIDE 15

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 13 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

100 MHz S E1 E2 L

Edge 1 Edge 2

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SLIDE 16

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 14 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

150 MHz S E1 E2 L

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SLIDE 17

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 15 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

300 MHz S E1 E2 L

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SLIDE 18

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 16 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

400 MHz S E1 E2 L

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SLIDE 19

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 17 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

500 MHz S E1 E2 L

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SLIDE 20

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 18 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

600 MHz S E1 E2 L

Standard Log-periodic

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SLIDE 21

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 19 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 2 3 4 5 7 20 30 40 50 70

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

700 MHz E1 E2 L

Edge 1 Edge 2

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SLIDE 22

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 20 June 24, 2003

SWR measurements

1.0 2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

SWR

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 2 3 4 5 6 8 20 30 40 50 60 80

% of states at or below SWR error bars show 95% confidence interval

800 MHz E1 E2 L

Log-periodic

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SLIDE 23

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 21 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

  • Two types of measurements:
  • Optimize at specific angle,

then measure pattern with settings fixed

  • Optimize at each angle
  • Optimization:
  • Standard GA
  • Population of 100
  • 10 generations followed

Control lines PCMCIA DI/O PCMCIA A/D

balun

ANTENNA TEMPLATE SYNTHESIZED SOURCE NOTEBOOK COMPUTER FIELD INTENSITY METER

received signal strength Input

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SLIDE 24

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 22 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

  • Reference angle setup (view looking down)

Transmitting antenna SSA

Zero deg 90 deg

Front of SSA Transmitting antenna Front of SSA

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SLIDE 25

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 23 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Standard template 400 MHz vertical polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 26

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 24 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Standard template 400 MHz horizontal polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 27

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 25 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Edge Type 1 template 400 MHz vertical polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 28

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 26 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Edge Type 1 template 400 MHz vertical polarization

  • ptimized at 90 deg
  • ptimized at 180 deg
  • ptimized at 270 deg

90

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SLIDE 29

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 27 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Edge Type 1 template 400 MHz horizontal polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 30

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 28 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Edge Type 2 400 MHz vertical polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 31

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 29 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Edge Type 2 template 400 MHz horizontal polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 32

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 30 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Log-periodic 400 MHz vertical polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 33

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 31 June 24, 2003

Pattern measurements

Log-periodic 400 MHz horizontal polarization

  • ptimized at every angle
  • ptimized at zero deg

90

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SLIDE 34

A Comparison of Several SSA Templates 32 June 24, 2003

Conclusions

  • SWR
  • Type 1 Edge-switched template has performance equal to

Standard design

  • Type 2 Edge-switched template has performance inferior to edge-

switched Type 1 design at most frequencies

  • Log-periodic design has poorer low-frequency performance, but

superior high-frequency performance

  • Patterns
  • All templates work well when optimized at all angles
  • Pattern can be steered to some extent by optimizing in a specific

direction