EFFECT OF SWITCH FAILURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SELF- STRUCTURING - - PDF document

▶
effect of switch failure on the performance of a self
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

EFFECT OF SWITCH FAILURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SELF- STRUCTURING - - PDF document

Jul 23, 2023 145 likes •457 views

EFFECT OF SWITCH FAILURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SELF- STRUCTURING ANTENNA B. T. Perry*, C.M. Cole- J. E. Ross L.L. Nagy man E. J. Rothwell, and John Ross & Associates MC 483-478-105 L.C. Kempel 350 West 800 North Delphi Research Labs

slide-1
SLIDE 1

EFFECT OF SWITCH FAILURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SELF- STRUCTURING ANTENNA

  • B. T. Perry*, C.M. Cole-
  • J. E. Ross

L.L. Nagy man E. J. Rothwell, and John Ross & Associates MC 483-478-105 L.C. Kempel 350 West 800 North Delphi Research Labs ECE Department Suite 317 51786 Shelby Pkway Michigan State University Salt Lake City, Utah 84103 Shelby Township, MI East Lansing, MI 48824 johnross@johnross.com 48316 rothwell@egr.msu.edu Antennas are often deployed in difficult environmental conditions, where their physical degradation, alteration, or misuse results in decreased electrical

  • performance. In many consumer applications these antennas are difficult to

replace or to repair. A Self-structuring antenna (SSA) is capable of responding to changes in its physical structure or to its environment by altering its electrical shape through the opening and closing of switches on an antenna template. The template consists of conducting wires or patches interconnected by N electronic

  • r electro-mechanical switches that are controlled by a microprocessor. When the
  • perating conditions change, the microprocessor searches through the 2N possible

electrical configurations to find a state with acceptable antenna performance. The successful operation of an SSA depends on the wide variation of its antenna properties, and this in turn depends on the number and position of its switches. It is anticipated that, over the lifetime of the antenna, one or more of the switches may fail or degrade in electrical performance. The template should be designed in such a way that no switch, or group of switches, is crucial to the effective

  • peration of the SSA. That is, if certain switches fail, the performance of the SSA

should degrade in a predictable way, such that it does not fall below some minimum acceptable level. This paper investigates the effect of switch failure for a standard SSA template (C. M. Coleman, E. J. Rothwell, and J. E. Ross, IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000). Performance criteria such as input impedance, standing wave ratio, and antenna pattern uniformity are examined using both experimental and numerical data. Because the number of template configurations is very large for reasonable values of N, the SSA performance is analyzed statistically, by taking a sample from the total population of template configurations.

slide-2
SLIDE 2

EFFECT OF SWITCH FAILURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SELF- STRUCTURING ANTENNA

  • B. T. Perry*, C.M. Cole-
  • J. E. Ross

L.L. Nagy man E. J. Rothwell, and John Ross & Associates MC 483-478-105 L.C. Kempel 350 West 800 North Delphi Research Labs ECE Department Suite 317 51786 Shelby Pkway Michigan State University Salt Lake City, Utah 84103 Shelby Township, MI East Lansing, MI 48824 johnross@johnross.com 48316 rothwell@egr.msu.edu

  • 1. Commission and session topic: B1.1 Antenna Analysis and Design
  • 2. Required presentation equipment: PowerPoint display
  • 3. Corresponding author:

Edward J. Rothwell Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Phone: 517-355-5231 e-mail: rothwell@egr.msu.edu FAX: 517-353-1980

  • 4. New knowledge contributed by paper: This is the first study of the effect of

switch failure on the performance of a self-structuring antenna.

  • 5. Relationship to previous work: Self-structuring antennas were introduced by

the authors at the 2000 and 2001 URSI National Radio Science Meetings. The basic

  • peration of the antenna was described in these papers.
slide-3
SLIDE 3

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 1

EM LAB EM LAB

Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna

B.T. Perry*, C.M. Coleman, E.J. Rothwell, L.C. Kempel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI J.E. Ross John Ross & Associates, Salt Lake City, UT L.L.Nagy Delphi Research Labs, Shelby Township, MI (URSI Session) (day), June (16-21), 2002 (time) ( location )

MSU Electromagnetics Lab

slide-4
SLIDE 4

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 2

EM LAB EM LAB

Overview

Self-Structuring Antenna (SSA) Overview Goal Test Setup and Procedure Single Switch Failures and Consequences Multiple Switch Failures and Consequences Conclusions and Future Work

slide-5
SLIDE 5

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 3

EM LAB EM LAB

SSA Related Publications

  • C. M. Coleman, E. J. Rothwell, and J.E. Ross, “Self-structuring antennas,”

IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 16-21, 2000.

  • J. E. Ross, E. J. Rothwell, C. M. Coleman, and L. L. Nagy, “Numerical simulation of self-

structuring antennas based on a genetic algorithm optimization scheme,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 16-21, 2000.

  • C. M. Coleman, E.J. Rothwell, J.E. Ross, and L.L. Nagy, “Application of Two-Level

Evolutionary Algorithms to Self-Structuring Antennas,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting, Boston,Massachusetts, July 8-13, 2001.

  • B. T. Perry, C. M. Coleman, B. F. Basch, E.J. Rothwell, J.E. Ross, and L.L. Nagy,

“Self-Structuring Antenna for Television Reception,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, July 8-13, 2001.

  • C. M. Coleman, E. J. Rothwell, J. E. Ross, and L. L. Nagy, “Self-Structuring Antennas,”

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, accepted for publication.

slide-6
SLIDE 6

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 4

EM LAB EM LAB

SSA Overview

The SSA automatically configures itself to accommodate changes in signal strength, orientation, and atmospheric conditions through the control of simple on/off switches Structuring of the SSA takes place through the use of a microcontroller, utilizing non-latching, single coil relays controlled through the output ports Changes in switch states cause the electrical shape of the antenna to be altered, allowing it to adjust to changes in its electromagnetic environment The effect of different antenna configurations is unknown to the designer, only a statistical approach is utilized in testing

slide-7
SLIDE 7

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 5

EM LAB EM LAB

SSA Board Layout

Switches Antenna Feed Antenna Elements Relay Driver Hardware Microcontroller Interface

slide-8
SLIDE 8

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 6

EM LAB EM LAB

Goal

Determination of the impact of switch failures on the performance of self- structuring antennas Investigation of consequences regarding single and multiple switch failures Evaluation of predictability of degradation in performance due to switch failure

slide-9
SLIDE 9

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 7

EM LAB EM LAB

Test Setup and Procedure

  • Testing was done using the

HP-8720 network analyzer

  • 10,000 known 24 bit

random numbers were used to set the states of the antenna for each frequency set tested (50-450 MHz)

  • From the experimental

data, switch failure analysis was performed for each single switch failure, as well as failures of 2 switches simultaneously

slide-10
SLIDE 10

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 8

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

  • In order to quantify the effect of switch failure, we define:
  • Good States are defined as those switch combinations with SWR ≤

≤ ≤ ≤ 2.0

  • Available States are combinations that the antenna is able to be placed into
  • The number of available states is roughly cut in half by each switch failure

tates AvailableS GoodStates f frac = ) (

slide-11
SLIDE 11

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna 9

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

  • If frac(f) functions remain constant, or change in a minimal way under switch

failure, then the antenna is said to degrade only in algorithm efficiency, due to change in the number of available good states

  • If frac(f) functions change in an intermediate fashion, i.e., small changes at

discrete frequencies, then the antenna degrades in an expected fashion, with minimal change in the fraction of good states and degradation in algorithm efficiency

  • If frac(f) functions experience large changes, the antenna degrades in an

unacceptable fashion, both in the fraction of good states and efficiency of the algorithm

slide-12
SLIDE 12

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna10

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 1 Switch 2

slide-13
SLIDE 13

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna11

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 3 Switch 4

slide-14
SLIDE 14

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna12

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 5 Switch 6

slide-15
SLIDE 15

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna13

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 7 Switch 8

slide-16
SLIDE 16

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna14

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 9 Switch 10

slide-17
SLIDE 17

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna15

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 11 Switch 12

slide-18
SLIDE 18

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna16

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 13 Switch 14

slide-19
SLIDE 19

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna17

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 15 Switch 16

slide-20
SLIDE 20

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna18

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 17 Switch 18

slide-21
SLIDE 21

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna19

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 19 Switch 20

slide-22
SLIDE 22

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna20

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 21 Switch 22

slide-23
SLIDE 23

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna21

EM LAB EM LAB

Single Switch Failures

Switch 23 Switch 24

slide-24
SLIDE 24

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna22

EM LAB EM LAB

Summary: Single Switch Failures

Intermediate Changes Large Changes Minimal Changes

slide-25
SLIDE 25

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna23

EM LAB EM LAB

Multiple Switch Failures

Switches 7 and 12 Switches 7 and 11

slide-26
SLIDE 26

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna24

EM LAB EM LAB

Multiple Switch Failures

Switch 22 and 23 Switches 22 and 24

slide-27
SLIDE 27

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna25

EM LAB EM LAB

Multiple Switch Failures

First Switch Failed: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Second Switch Failed 2 3 = Minimal Change for single failure 3 1 3 4 3 4 3 = Intermediate Change for single failure 5 1 3 1 3 6 2 4 3 4 2 = Large Change for single failure 7 1 3 1 3 1 3 8 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 9 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 10 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 11 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 12 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 3/4 4 4 2 13 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 14 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 15 1 3/4 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 3/4 4 16 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 17 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 18 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 19 1 3/4 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 20 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 21 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 22 3 4 3/4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 23 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 24 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 1 = Minimal change in frac(f) functions 2 = Intermediate changes in frac(f) functions 3 = Large change due to single switch failure only 4 = Large change due to multiple switch failures

slide-28
SLIDE 28

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna26

EM LAB EM LAB

Summary: Multiple Switch Failures

  • Two switches that give minimal

changes individually also give primarily minimal changes when they fail simultaneously

  • A switch from the intermediate and
  • ne from the minimal group failing

simultaneously give minimal to intermediate changes

  • Two intermediate group switches lead

to intermediate to large changes

  • A switch from the intermediate and
  • ne from the large change group

failing simultaneously lead to large changes

  • Two switches showing large changes

independently show larger changes when failing simultaneously

Minimal Changes Intermediate Changes Large Changes

slide-29
SLIDE 29

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna27

EM LAB EM LAB

Conclusions

Sufficient redundancy is built into the SSA to cover switch failures in the minimal change group Single switch failures are acceptable for those switches in the minimal and intermediate groups, as well as multiple failures involving two switches from the minimal group, or one switch from each group Multiple failures from the intermediate group are unacceptable Single switch failures from the large change group are unacceptable by themselves, as well as in combination with any other switch, especially with other switches from the large or intermediate change group due to lack of redundancy in the antenna skeleton

slide-30
SLIDE 30

June (16-20), 2002 2002 AP-S/URSI Symposium -- Effect of Switch Failure on the Performance of a Self-Structuring Antenna28

EM LAB EM LAB

Future Work

Further testing with larger sample sizes to extend the number

  • f switch failures

Simulations to back experimental findings Switch redundancy studies to eliminate switches that are covered sufficiently by other states, and possible additions to add redundancy to areas that are not sufficiently covered in the event of switch failure Next generation SSA layouts using guidelines learned though switch failure and redundancy studies, as well as simulation