60% of the World without Internet Access 80% Over 4 Billion - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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60% of the World without Internet Access

8% 80% About 60% of the World population do not have access to the Internet, wired or wireless Over 4 Billion people Worldwide without Internet Access ?

http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/

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World Map Scaled According To Population Size

Source: http://www.iflscience.com/environment/world-map-scaled-population-size http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Africa: 27.5% Asia: 34.8% 52.4% 87% 70% 72% 48.1%

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Rural and Small town America

Source: https://www.fcc.gov/reports/2015-broadband-progress-report http://mobilefuture.org/resources/the-truth-about-spectrum-deployment-in-rural-america/

FCC 2015 Broadband Progress Report 17% of all Americans (55 million) & 53% of rural Americans (22 million) lack access to Broadband.

Only 8 percent of urban Americans lack access to broadband.

Wireless Revenue Potential/ mile2

Major urban center: $248,000 Least densely populated: $262

Broadband: 25 Mbps/3 Mbps

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Connectivity Omnification

Omnify: Order of magnitude increase every five years

1,000X in 15 years Exabyte  Zetabyte (1,000X)

2013  2028

1 Zetabyte = 200 GB/month for 5 Billion 5G and Wi-Fi to carry similar traffic 1Tb/s peak data rate

Wi-Fi: 2027 Cellular: 2030

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REEFS Approach to Zetabyte Network Design

R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller

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Trillion times improvement in the Last 60 years

1956, 5MB hard drive 1946, ENIAC, 30Tons, 167,000,000mm2, 150,000W, 5K ops/s Samsung Exynos 7420 processor

Octacore (2.1GHz & 1.5 GHz cores) 78 mm2, ~1W

Samsung 16TB SSD (2.5in)

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REEFS Limits

𝑔

𝑄 = 𝐷5 ℎ𝐻 = 1.855 ×1034GHz

=18,550000000,000000000000,000000000000 GHz =18.55 Billion Trillion Trillion GHz

𝑚𝑄 =

ℎ𝐻 𝐷3 = 1.616 ×10−35m =

1.616 100,000000000000,000000000000nm

𝐹1−𝑐𝑗𝑢 = 𝑙𝑈 ln 2=2.87× 10−21 Joule

𝑁𝑗𝑜𝑗𝑛𝑣𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑕𝑧 =

2.87 1,000000,000000nJ/bit

R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller

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Millimeter waves – path to REEFS Wireless Systems

XS Antennas XL Bandwidth Millimeter waves (3-300 GHz) Faster Smaller

< 3

>3GHz 300GHz

f

Bandwidth  Data Rates  Capacity

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Millimeter Waves for 5G

Samsung presents Millimeter wave mobile system concept at IEEE WCNC Samsung demos Gb/s system at 28GHz with 2Km range Samsung demos 7.5Gb/s peak data rate & 1.2 Gb/s at 100 Km/h FCC NOI to examine use

• f bands

above 24GHz for mobile broadband 3GPP 5G Workshop Over 20 companies support Millimeter waves FCC NPRM

• n Millimeter

wave spectrum for 5G

Oct 17 Sep 17 Oct 23 Mar 28

2011 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015

Oct 14 May 13

http://wcnc2011.ieee-wcnc.org/tut/t1.pdf

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(Myth)2 #1: Higher path loss (even in Free space)

Ω𝐵 = 𝜇2 𝐵𝑓

𝑄

𝑠

𝑄𝑢 = 𝐵𝑢𝐵𝑠 𝑠 2

X times higher frequency propagates X times longer in free space

For the same transmit and receive antenna aperture sizes

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(Myth)2 #2: Low Probability of Line-of-Sight (LoS)

𝑠

𝑜 =

𝑜𝑒1𝑒2 𝑒1 +𝑒2

Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones

Not bothered by objects around the Line-of-Sight

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(Myth)2 #3: Suitable for Small Cells only

The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves

Ground reflection not an issue

 = 2  = 2ℎ𝑢ℎ𝑠 𝑒

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Myths about Millimeter Waves

Myth Reality

Higher path loss (even in Free space) 𝑄

𝑠

𝑄𝑢 = 𝐵𝑢𝐵𝑠 𝑠22 Millimeter waves propagate longer for the same antenna area Low probability of LoS 𝑠

𝑜 =

𝑜𝑒1𝑒2 𝑒1 +𝑒2 Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones Suitable for small cells

• nly

 = 2  = 2ℎ𝑢ℎ𝑠 𝑒 The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves Have higher Noise  𝑔 =

ℎ𝑔 𝑙𝑈

𝑓

ℎ𝑔 𝑙𝑈

−1

Noise reduces with frequency, effect is small though at frequencies of interest Loss (do not bend) around corners 𝐽  = 𝐽0𝑡𝑗𝑜𝑑2 𝑒  𝑡𝑗𝑜  Millimeter waves comes out of an opening with more focused energy

Absorption (by Foliage, Rain) and Diffused Reflections…

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Going smaller for Bigger Gains

Big Gains in coverage, capacity and energy efficiency via mmWave Beamforming Coalescence of access and back-haul

Antenna Aperture 𝐵𝑓 = 𝐸𝜇2 4𝜌 → 𝐸 = 4𝜌𝐵𝑓 𝜇2

Galaxy S6: 101 cm2

Ae

A4 paper: 623.7 cm2

Conventional sector antenna, 17dB gain

1m2

Ω𝐵 = 𝜇2 𝐵𝑓

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Achieving Zetabyte with Terabit/s shared links

Parameter Value Comments Transmit Power 20 dBm Possibly multiple PAs Transmit Antenna Gain 32 dBi Element + array gain Carrier Frequency 100 GHz

• Ref. for calculations

Distance 200 meters Propagation Loss 118.42 dB Other path losses 10 dB Some NLOS Tx front end loss 3 dB Non-ideal RF Receive Antenna Gain 23 dB Element + array gain Received Power

• 56.42 dBm

Bandwidth (BW) 1 GHz BW / comm-core Thermal Noise PSD

• 174 dBm/Hz

Receiver Noise Figure 5.00 dB Thermal Noise

• 79 dBm

SNR 22.58 dB Implementation loss 5 dB Non-ideal baseband Spectram Efficiency (SE) 5.86 b/s/Hz Data rate / comm-core 5.86 Gb/s SE × BW Number of comm-cores 256 BW and MIMO cores Aggregate data rate 1.5 Terabit/s 256×5.86 Gb/s

WAP Tb/s shared Example: 256 cores 16 BW cores [16GHz], Each BW core having 16 Spatial Cores

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'Green' buildings form a Faraday Cage effectively shielding all electrical fields from passing through In order to provide larger overall capacity in urban areas, Indoor and

• utdoor use parallel radio access

sharing the same spectrum

Indoor & Outdoor share the same spectrum

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Expanding Mobile broadband to Rural and Small towns

Millimeter waves provide tremendous bandwidth to cover least densely populated areas with ultra- fast data rates Installing external antennas combined with radio repeaters inside the building can expand coverage to indoors

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Millimeter waves enable Faster, Smaller and Energy- Efficient wireless systems Low-cost Tb/s shared links provide Zetabyte access each for cellular & Wi-Fi. Dream of ubiquitous access to & universal capture of information comes true

Every Being & Everything Connected!

Connec nnect the he Res est