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4 3 ( ) Contents 1. General situation of new district of Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang, China Zhoushan is located in Zhoushan islands of Zhejiang Province, and situated along the eastern coast of China, on


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适合4:3投影屏幕(副标题)

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Contents

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  • 1. General situation of new district of Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang, China

Good deep-water harbor Famous fishing metropolis Beautiful Tourist resort

  • Zhoushan is located in Zhoushan islands of Zhejiang Province, and situated along the

eastern coast of China, on the ocean surface of East China Sea at the outer edge of Hangzhou Bay at the south side of the Yangtze River Estuary.

  • Zhoushan is the first prefectural city established based on the islands in China, known

as the “Buddhist Kingdom on the sea, fishing port city", and is the maritime gateway and channel open to the outside world in the Yangtze River Basin and the Yangtze River Delta.

  • Total regional area: 22,200 square kilometers
  • Number of islands: 1390
  • Land area: 1440 square kilometers
  • Permanent resident population: 1,140,000
  • GDP per capita in 2014: 89,000 yuan (about USD14,500)
  • In 2014, the added value of the city's marine economy accounted

for 69.8% of GDP.

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  • 1. General situation of new district of Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang, China

Beijing Pusan Seoul Kobe Tokyo Guangzhou Hongkong Taipei

Zhoushan

Zhoushan lies at the confluence of the East China Gold Coastline and the Yangtze River golden waterway, backing on to the vast economic hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta, and it is the maritime portal and channel to open to the outside world in the Yangtze River Basin and the Yangtze River Delta.

Shanghai

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Pilot Area of development of marine economy in Zhejiang Important growth pole for economic development in the Yangtze River Delta Experiment zone for integrated

  • cean development

The State Council formally approved the establishment of Zhejiang Zhoushan Islands District on June 30, 2011, and it becomes the fourth national level district, and also the first national level district established based on marine economy.

Positioning of three strategies Five development goals

  • 1. General situation of new district of Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang, China

Bulk commodity storage and transfer, transaction and processing center Important eastern maritime portal

  • pening to the outside world

Important base for modern ocean industry

Demonstration zone for comprehensive protection

and development of ocean and island

pilot area for coordinating land and marine development International logistics hub island Portal island

  • pening to outside

Marine industry concentrated island

International ecological and leisure island

Garden city on the sea Four islands and

  • ne

city

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Key industry to be developed

Port and navigation service industry Marine engineering equipment and shipbuilding industry Marine tourism Marine resources comprehensive development and utilization industry Marine organism industry Modern marine fishery

 Development and utilization of oil and gas in East China Sea and deep sea mineral resources  Active utilization of marine new energy

Tidal power Wind power

  • 1. General situation of new district of Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang, China
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  • 2. Characteristics of ocean energy resources in Zhoushan

Types of MRE Theoretical potential / GW Technical potential / GW

1

Tidal Range 192.86 22.3

2

Tidal Current 8.32 1.66

3

Wave 7.70 1.52

4

OTEC 367.00 25.70

5

Salinity Gradient 113.08 11.31

6

Offshore Wind 980.43 570.34

total

1669.39 633.36

China ocean energy resources status (based on the statistics of the State Oceanic Administration)

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In China, the tidal range energy is mainly concentrated in two coastal provinces, Zhejiang and Fujian, accounting for about 90% of the total.

The tidal current energy resources of China is most abundant in Zhejiang coastal area, amounting to about 5.17 million kilowatts ( 5.17GW), and accounting for more than half of the total nationwide potential tidal current energy resources, which is mainly concentrated in the estuary of Hangzhou Bay and Zhoushan Islands.

Zhoushan Zhejiang Fujian

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The wave energy resources in China are most abundant in Guangdong coastal area, the next are Fujian, Zhejiang, Hainan and Shandong, accounting for 90% of the total.

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To sum up, full use of unique advantages of the area such as concentration of ocean energy resources, convenient transportation and prosperous marine equipment manufacture industry to exploit and utilization clean marine renewable energy will be one of the effective means to promote energy structure transformation and drive the development of emerging marine industry in Zhoushan Islands District.

 Tidal Range Energy:The average tidal range in Zhoushan sea area is about 2m only, island and harbor area is small and many harbors have been developed into ports, docks, there are few bays suitable for tidal energy development, therefore, the area is slenderly endowed with tidal energy resources as a whole.  Tidal Current Energy: The waterways in Zhoushan sea area is crisscross, the flow velocity of tidal current is big, the maximum flow velocity in waterway of several areas is 2.0-3.0m/s, and over 4.0m/s at most in partial areas, so it is an area rich in tidal current energy resources, and with most advantageous tidal current energy resource conditions among Chinese coastal areas.  Wave Energy: Zhoushan sea area close to the East China Sea is a large wave zone along the coast of China, the long-period wave can go into this area. The sea area inside of the islands is shielded by islands, the wave height is smaller; the wave height is big in the open sea area in the east of the islands, average annual wave power density is more than 2.5kW/m, so the wave resources are abundant.

Status of ocean energy resources in Zhoushan

  • 2. Characteristics of ocean energy resources in Zhoushan
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  • 3. Development and utilization status quo
  • f ocean energy in Zhoushan

Since 1990s, Guishan Waterway and Gaoting Waterway in Daishan sea area of Zhoushan City have been the hot areas for tests of domestic tidal power. At present, Harbin Engineering University, Zhejiang University, Daishan Science and Technology Development Center, Daishan Gaoting Shipyard and other units have carried out tests and research for tidal current energy projects of different scales (including 5kW, 10kW, 25kW 60kW, 150kW, 300kW, 600kW) and different technical types in Zhoushan, accumulated valuable experience in research and development of small-scale tidal power generation device and construction of pilot tidal power station.

Tidal current energy--Tests and research Harbin Engineering University Zhejiang University

70kW floating tidal power station 40kW bottom-supported tidal current power station 2×150 floating tidal power station 10kW horizontal axis tidal current power station “Underwater windmill” tidal current power station 60kW half direct drive horizontal axis tidal current power equipment 2×150 floating tidal power station

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Tidal current energy -- Demonstration Project

Marine energy grid Marine energy grid-connect connected demonstrati ed demonstration

  • n

project in project in Daishan Daishan sea area of Zhoushan, sea area of Zhoushan, Zhejiang Zhejiang ( National marine renewable energy special fund

project in 2010 、 for which one set of AR1000 unit manufactured by Atlantis Resource Company will be installed ) The project construction unit: Zhejiang CECEP Ocean Energy Development Co., Ltd.

Zhejiang Zhejiang Zhoushan tidal power demonstration Zhoushan tidal power demonstration project project

( National marine renewable energy special fund project in 2013 ) The project construction unitChina Three Gorges Corporation

  • The demonstration area: installed capacity of

1MW

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy

in Zhoushan

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LHD LHD Lindong Lindong modularized modularized large ocean large ocean tidal current tidal current energy generating energy generating unit demonstration unit demonstration project project

( National marine renewable energy special fund project in 2013 、 It is national marine renewable energy special fund project in 2013, and was approved for construction on May 29, 2014, with a total investment of 163.1 million yuan. 4 groups

  • f

tidal power generating units by means

  • f

independent research and development are set with a total installed capacity of 9.8MW, namely, 3.4MW (Unit 1) +4MW (Unit 2) +1.6MW (Unit 3) +0.8MW (Unit 4) The project construction unit: Zhejiang Zhoushan LHD United Energy New Energy Development Co., Ltd.

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo
  • f ocean energy in Zhoushan

Tidal current energy -- Demonstration Project

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Under the National marine renewable energy special fund, Ocean College, Zhejiang University successfully developed a set of self-lifting type wave power platform “ZOU 1” (10kW spot-absorption type) and broke through several the bottom necks of key technologies in wave power field through technical research.

Zhejiang Ocean University

美国公开发明专利

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Wave energy--Tests and research

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Zhejiang renewable energy complementary power system demonstration project in Shengshan Island is about to be put into operation. And, the testing for the 300 kW pendulum wave energy installation is underway. The project construction unit: Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute (SMDERI) under China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation

Total installed capacity: 525kW 300kW wave energy 150kW wind energy 25kW solar energy 50kW biomass energy Seawater desalination device

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean

energy in Zhoushan

Wave energy -- Demonstration Project

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Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan  Founded in 1897, Zhejiang University is one of key universities under the Ministry of Education of China and ranks third among comprehensive universities in China.  In May 2009, the demonstration base for cooperative construction of “Offshore Zhejiang” was officially launched by Zhejiang University and Zhoushan City, and at the same time, the unveiling ceremony was held for Department of Ocean Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University, Zhoushan Marine Research Center

  • f Zhejiang University.

 In July and September 2012, the university formally submitted the “Construction Scheme of Ocean College (Zhoushan Campus)

  • f

Zhejiang University” to Zhejiang Provincial People’s Government and the Ministry of Education.  In September 2015, Ocean College (Zhoushan Campus)

  • f Zhejiang University was put into operation.

 School-running

  • rientation:

professional, marine research institute Zhoushan Campus of Zhejiang University

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan
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Zhoushan Marine Research Center

Ocean Deep-sea Biology

Collaborative

Innovation Center

Department of Marine Sciences

Institute

  • f

Marine Geology &

Resources

Institute

  • f

Physical

Oceano graphy

Institute

  • f

Marine Biology Institute of Marine Chemistry & Environm ent (planned) Institute of Island and Coastal Research (planned)

Department of Ocean Engineering

Institute

  • f

Ocean

Engineering

and

Technology

Institute of Port, Coastal & Offshore Engineeri ng Institute

  • f

Naval

Architecture

&

Engineering

(Planned)

Internal organizations

Party and Adminis

  • tration

Office

Organi

  • zation

and

Perso- nnel Depart

  • ment

Student

Ideological

and Political Work

Department Teaching

Management

Department

Scientific and Research

Management

Department

General Affairs Departm ent

Laboratory Equipment Department

Institute

  • f

Port Logistics

Management

(Planned)

Library Inform- ation Center

Depart

  • ment
  • f

Marine Inform

  • ation

Science

and Engin- eering (to be set)

Department of Marine Economy and Management (to be set)

Finance

and Assets Depart

  • ment

Marine

Experimen t Station

Marine Research Institute

Institute

  • f

Information

Science and

Engineering

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan
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Platform construction

Zhairuoshan(ZRS) Island in Zhoushan has become an open and comprehensive test platform to support the school to carry out large-scale and high-end test for national and local key fields involving ocean disciplines. At present, 60kW horizontal axis tidal current energy generating unit has been tested in the test platform near Zhairuoshan Island. Later, its unit capacity will be expanded to 150KW, and the power generated will also be fed into Zhairuoshan Island grid in the demonstration

  • peration phase.

"Huajiachi" marine test platform

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

One national level engineering laboratory Five provincial laboratories and innovative team

National and local joint lab for marine engineering equipment Zhejiang provincial engineering laboratory for marine equipment test Zhejiang provincial key laboratory of high-end marine equipment technology

Two scientific research qualifications

Zhejiang innovation team for high-end underwater equipment technology Pilot unit to assess the value of sea area (SOA) Zhejiang provincial engineering laboratory of marine engineering materials Class B qualification for demonstration of use

  • f sea area

Zhejiang provincial key laboratory of marine geotechnical engineering

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 Founded in 1958, Zhejiang Ocean University (ZOU) is a provincial undergraduate institution with the characteristics of ocean science and multi-disciplinary coordinated development, located in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province.  The university has 10 schools including the School of Marine Science and Technology, and 3 interdisciplinary research institutions, i.e., the Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Innovation and Application Research Institute and ECS Development and Research Institute.  The 10kW self-elevating wave power platform developed by Zhejiang Ocean University, namely, “ZOU 1”, is now under offshore tests at the southeastern side of Zhujiajian Island in Putuo District, Zhoushan City. Zhejiang Ocean University

The scientific research vessel “ZHE HAI KE 1”

  • f Zhejiang Ocean University

“ZOU 1” wave power platform

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

Institutions

School of Ocean Science and Technology School of Fisheries School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering School of Shipping, Port & Civil Engineering School of Food Science and Pharmaceutics School of Mathematics, Physics & Information Science School of Petro-chemical and Energy Engineering School of Economics and Management School of Humanities and Liberal Arts School of Foreign Languages Faculty of Political Theory, Physical Education Military Training Faculty (Marine Sports Development Center) School of Teacher Education Donghai School of Science and Technology Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Innovation & Application Research Institute of ZOU East China Sea Development Institute of ZOU National Marine Facility Aquaculture Engineering and Technology Center

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Zhejiang Ocean University

 As of March 2015, ZOU has established a total of 4 state-level scientific research platforms, 12 provincial key laboratories & engineering centers, 7 provincial and ministerial level research centers, 1 provincial research base, 2 provincial and ministerial level monitoring stations and 1 provincial “2011” collaborative innovation center.

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

Scientific research platform Platform name

State-level scientific research platform National Marine Facility Aquaculture Engineering and Technology Center National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Biological Germplasm Resource Exploration & Use Ocean international technology cooperation base Provincial “2011” collaborative innovation "Marine Facility Aquaculture Engineering Technology Collaborative Innovation Center Provincial and ministerial-level focal laboratories and engineering centers Focal Laboratory for MarineAquaculture, Release and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province Focal Laboratory for MarineAquaculture Facilities and Engineering & Technology of Zhejiang Province Focal Laboratory for Technological Research on Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province Focal Laboratory for Marine Fishing Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province Focal Laboratory for Aquatic Product Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province (Co-constructed) Focal Laboratory for Naval Architecture of Zhejiang Province (Co-constructed) Focal Laboratory for Inshore Ocean Engineering & Technology of Zhejiang Province Focal Laboratory for Key Technology Study on Health-affecting Factors in Marine Aquatic Products of Zhejiang Province (Co- constructed) Focal Laboratory for Ocean Big Data Exploration and Application of Zhejiang Province Engineering & Technology Research Center of Marine Aquaculture, Release and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province Focal Engineering & Technology Research Center on Marine Bio-Medical Product of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Exploration of ECS Marine Germplasm Resources Technology & Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum and Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Other provincial and ministerial-level scientific research platforms R&D Center for Advanced Ship Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province Inspecting & Testing Center of Fishery Environment & Aquatic Product Quality of the Ministry of Agriculture (Zhoushan) China Marine Culture Research Center Branch of National Cephalopod Aquatic Product Processing Technology R&D Center Tongda River-Sea New Ship-Shape R&D Center Research Center for Marine Pharmacy of Zhejiang Province R&D Center for Marine Functional & Healthcare Products of Zhejiang Province Monitoring and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds of the Ministry of Agriculture Zhejiang Station of ECS Fishery Resource Dynamic Monitoring Network Research Base for Intangible Cultural Heritage of Zhejiang Province

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 HDEC, founded in 1954, is a state-owned key enterprise affiliated to the world’s Top 500 enterprises, Power Construction Corporation of China (POWERCHINA). Headquartered in Hangzhou, HDEC has its branches in Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Fujian and Anhui, and overseas offices in Vietnam, Turkey, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia.  HDEC is committed to the construction of technological innovation platform, and has established East China Offshore Wind Power Provincial High-tech Enterprise Research and Development Center, Zhejiang Province Engineering Digital Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Province (city) Academician Workstation and Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation.  The unveiling ceremony for HDEC Zhoushan Branch was held grandly in Zhoushan New Town on October 10, 2011, which opened a new platform for HDEC marine business.  HDEC and Zhoushan Marine Comprehensive Development And Investment Co., Ltd. co-established Zhejiang Dechuang Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang POWERCHINA Engineering Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd. in June 2015, which are engaged respectively in the technical services such as construction and planning, investigation and design, consultation, supervision for marine projects. HUADONG ENGINEERING CORPORATION LIMITED (HDEC)

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

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HUADONG ENGINEERING CORPORATION LIMITED (HDEC)

Main performance of HDEC in the field of marine energy (technical consultation and engineering investigation and design)

 Designed and built Jiangsha Tidal Power Plant in Zhejiang (the largest of this kind in China) in the 1980s, with installed capacity of 3900kW, and annual energy output of 7.2 million kWh;  Conducted general survey of coastal tidal energy resources in China as well as early-stage technical study of several tidal power projects;  Completed the evaluation and development & utilization planning on tidal current energy resources of Zhoushan City in Zhejiang Province in 2011;  Completed the investigation and assessment of wave energy resources and site selection planning and study in 2014;  At present, HDEC is carrying out the “Overall design of tidal current energy demonstration project in Zhoushan, Zhejiang” (a national level tidal current energy test field will be constructed based on the project) and the “early-stage research of tidal current energy power projects”.

Jiangsha Tidal Power Plant in Zhejiang

National level tidal current energy test field in Zhoushan

上海 Shanghai 浙江 Zhejia ng

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

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 LHD was established in May 2009, with its headquarters in Hangzhou, China.  Three people, namely, Lin Dong, Chairman of Hangzhou Green Full Group, Dr. Huang Changzheng from University

  • f Southern California, USA and Dr. Ding Xingzhe, a research expert in new materials in the United States, founded

jointly the “American LHD Technology, LLC” in Los Angeles, USA in May 2009.  “Hangzhou LHD Institute of new energy, LLC” was established in Qiandao Lake of Chun’an in October 2012, and “LHD Large Laboratory for Ocean Flow Simulation” was set up.  Zhejiang Zhoushan LHD New Energy Development Co., Ltd. was founded in February 2013, aiming at promoting the construction and implementation of the “LHD Lin Dong modularized large ocean tidal current energy generating set demonstration project” located in the southern waters of Xiushan Island in Zhoushan. So far, a total of 46 international and domestic invention patents of the project have been applied.  The world's first 5MW Lin Dong modularized large ocean tidal current energy generating set project was commenced formally in the southeast sea area of Xiushan Island in Daishan County, Zhoushan City in May 2014.  The total investment for Phase-1 project is 63 million Yuan, and the project is expected to be completed by the end of 2015. Zhejiang Zhoushan LDH energy development Co. Ltd.

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

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 Zhejiang Golden Eagle Group Co., Ltd. was founded in 1966, headquartered in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. It is specialized in researching, developing and fabricating complete sets of textile machinery and plastic machinery and equipment, food machinery and other products. The Golden Eagle Group Co., Ltd. has over 40 branch companies and subsidiaries in seven provinces and one city in China, the holding company, Golden Eagle Co., Ltd. is a listed company. The Golden Eagle Group has been ranking Top 5 in the nationwide appraisal of comprehensive economic indexes of textile machinery industry for 13 consecutive years.  The Golden Eagle Group signed a Sino-British Ocean Energy Equipment Cooperation Memorandum with British IT Power Company in March 2014; and both sides incorporated a joint venture, Zhejiang Golden Ocean Energy Technology

Development Co., Ltd. in March 2015.

 Relying on the renewable energy technical advantages of British IT Power Company and the machinery and equipment manufacture advantages of Golden Eagle Group, the joint venture designs and manufactures new ocean energy power equipment according to the demands of the users.  Currently, the joint venture focuses on the projects in China, and it’s planned to complete the research and development of 300kW prototype within two years; and on this basis, optimize the design to further reduce the cost of equipment production, and enter the international market.

Zhejiang Golden Eagle Group Co., Ltd.

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

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 China Three Gorges Corporation, as one of the 53 state-run large backbone enterprises in China, is committed to create a world-class clean energy group, and the company's business covers clean energy varieties such as hydropower, wind power, solar energy and ocean energy.  China Three Gorges Corporation established Zhejiang Branch Preparatory Office of China Three Gorges New Energy Co., Ltd. in Zhoushan in 2013 to promote the smooth implementation of national marine renewable energy special fund projects in 2013 and 2015, “Overall design of tidal current energy demonstration project in Zhoushan, Zhejiang” and “Construction of tidal current energy demonstration project in Zhoushan, Zhejiang”. The total investment of the project is estimated to exceed 150 million Yuan.

China Three Gorges Corporation

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Briefing of units engaged in ocean energy in Zhoushan

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A model of ocean energy industry-university-research cooperation in Zhoushan

 Led by: Zhoushan Daishan Science and Technology Development Center  Participants: Harbin Engineering University, Zhejiang Ocean University, Daishan Electric Power

Company, Zhoushan Feizhou New Materials Co., Ltd. and HE Power Generation Equipment National Engineering Research Center Co., Ltd.

A national special fund project on ocean energy, Industrialization of Fixed Birotor Diversion Enhanced Tidal Current Independent Power Generation System

In line with the principles “risk-sharing, achievement sharing, complementary advantages and specialization & cooperation”, reasonable work division was done among the cooperative companies for the project. The project passed smoothly the acceptance inspection by experts organized by the State Oceanic Administration in 2014. The units in the power plant are composed of two sets of 300kW units, with the application of the technology of floating type vertical shaft hydro-generator. The power generated by the power station is mainly applied at three aspects: (1) electricity for boiler, (2) seawater desalination, (3) electricity for mobile phone charging station Mobile phone charging station seawater desalination device Tidal current energy power station

  • 3. Development and utilization status quo of ocean energy in Zhoushan
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  • 4. Development planning of ocean energy in Zhoushan

Development planning for

  • cean energy of Zhoushan

General working idea

Find out the resource characteristics, plan and implement the development projects. Drive the market by demonstration to promote upgrade of industry level and industrial development. Promote commercialization process by technical upgrade and industrial growth, create favorable conditions for construction of the projects by means of reducing power generation cost.

The project planning and construction drive rapid development of scientific and technological research and equipment manufacture through project planning and construction to gradually form a regional marine energy economic industrial chain and achieve the concurrent development of energy economy and industrial economy.

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  • 4. Development planning of ocean energy in Zhoushan

 In 2011, entrusted by Zhoushan Municipal People’s Government, HDEC prepared Evaluation of Tidal Current Energy Resources in Zhoushan and Preliminary Development & Utilization Planning. A total of 13 sites in Zhoushan sea area were selected for scale-up development of tidal current energy, and the planned total installed capacity was 860000kW. Based on the planning, Zhoushan will become the largest tidal current energy development base in China up to 2030, and become the first ocean clean energy science and technology demonstration zone nationwide.  The development sequence for tidal current energy of Zhoushan in the future is: test projects→demonstration power plant projects→scale-up development projects. Development mode Individual development Comprehensive development Empirical research Scaled development Bonding with development of

  • ffshore wind farms

Bonding with development of cross-sea bridges sea areas for projects environmenta l restrictions Resource conditions Stand-alone Hybrid Power System Demonstration Power Plant

Development planning for

  • cean energy of Zhoushan
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  • 5. Sino-British cooperation concepts in ocean energy

Cooperation Modes

School-running Cooperation Technical Cooperation Financial Cooperation Industrial Cooperation Other Cooperation Cultural Cooperation

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