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Department of Systems Engineering United States Military Academy West Point, New York 24th International Symposium on Military Operational Research Bishop Waltham, Hampshire, United Kingdom 29 August 2007
SLIDE 2 By the afternoon of 2 July 1863, Union forces of the 20th Maine Volunteer Regiment were out of both ammunition and time.
It was imperative to strike before we were struck by this overwhelming force in a hand-to-hand fight, which we could not probably have withstood or survived. At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough. It ran like fire along the line, from man to man, and rose into a shout, with which they sprang forward upon the enemy, now not 30 yards away.
From Chamberlain’s official report: O.R.--SERIES I--VOLUME XXVII/1 [S# 43]
SLIDE 3 Earlier that day, a Confederate soldier attacking the hill had an unexpected experience that may have changed the course of the war.
I got a safe place between two rocks, and drew bead fair and square on you. You were standing in the open behind the center of your line, full exposed. I knew your rank by your uniform and your actions, and I thought it a mighty good thing to put you out of the way. I rested my gun on the rock and took steady aim. I started to pull the trigger, but some queer notion stopped me. Then I got ashamed of my weakness and went through the same motions again. I had you, perfectly certain. But that same queer something shut right down on me. I couldn’t pull the trigger, and, gave it up – that is, your life. I am glad of it now, and hope you are.
Confederate soldier of the 15th Alabama Regiment, in a letter to Chamberlain after the war.
SLIDE 4 On 14 April, U.S. Marine Corporal Jason Dunham led a patrol in Karabilah, Iraq. He would become the first recipient of the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War
As Corporal Dunham and his Marines advanced, they quickly began to receive enemy fire. As they approached the vehicles, an insurgent leaped out and attacked Corporal Dunham. Corporal Dunham wrestled the insurgent to the ground and in the ensuing struggle saw the insurgent release a grenade. Corporal Dunham covered the grenade with his helmet and body, bearing the brunt of the explosion and shielding his Marines from the blast.
From the Medal of Honor citation
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No two real people are exactly alike Every computer-generated person in combat
simulations is exactly alike
Militaries are using these simulations to:
Train soldiers Assess doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures Assess weapon and other materiel scenarios
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Link personality to specific traits Link behaviors to personality Map personality/behaviors through a model Develop a model/simulation interface Modify synthetic human personalities Assess model effects on simulation output Analyze and refine the model
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Originated in the 1970s as the Neuroticism-
Extraversion-Openness Inventory (NEO-I)
Expanded to include Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness
Focuses on five major element, each with 6
sub-elements
SLIDE 8 Neuroticism Extraversion N1 Worry E1 Warmth N2 Anger E2 Gregariousness N3 Discouragement E3 Assertiveness N4 Self-Consciousness E4 Activity N5 Impulsiveness E5 Excitement-Seeking N6 Vulnerability E6 Positive Emotions Openness Agreeableness O1 Fantasy A1 Trust O2 Aesthetics A2 Straightforwardness O3 Feelings A3 Altruism O4 Actions A4 Compliance O5 Ideas A5 Modesty O6 Values A6 Tender-Mindedness Conscientiousness C1 Competence C2 Order C3 Dutifulness C4 Achievement-Striving C5 Self-Discipline C6 Deliberation
Low Score = Emotionally relaxed and stable Curious, with tendency to entertain novel and un- conventiona l ideas Resists impulses. High score = Purposeful, determined, punctual, reliable Enjoys being social and being in large groups Addresses interperson al needs
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INFANTRY WARRIOR SIMULATION
Constructive, force-on-force soldier
simulation
Developed by the Natick Soldier RD&E
Center and the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Agency
Agent-based behaviors Physiology-focused (biometrics)
SLIDE 10 Skill DESCRIPTION Change Facing Direction Change facing direction of entity Change Field of Regard Change sensor scanning fan Change Posture Change to prone, crouching or standing position Change Visual Sensor Change visual sensor used Communicate Determines how entity sends/receives messages Follow in Formation Gives entity to follow unit leader in given formation Light Flare Tells entity to light a flare Move Tells the entity to change its current position Reload Tells entity to reload its weapon Remove Message Command takes away message from entities decision making loop Seek Cover Entity goes and seeks suitable cover from fire Select Weapon Entity selects an available weapon Set Formation Entity in lead sets the formation others will follow Set Path Entity in lead sets the path the others will follow Shoot Allows entity to engage targets Throw Grenade Tells entity to throw a grenade Wait Tells entity to not move for a give period of time
Category SKILL Shoot Change Facing Direction Change Field Regard Wait Change Posture Change Visual Sensor Reload Seek Cover Select Weapon Move Change Facing Direction Change Field Regard Wait Change Posture Change Visual Sensor Follow in Formation Set Formation Set Path Seek Cover Communicate Change Facing Direction Change Field Regard Wait Remove Message
SLIDE 11 Category ASPECT OF IWARS TO MODIFY. Shoot Reload Time Accuracy of Fire Acquire Time Move Speed Direction/Path Take Communicate Time to send/receive messages Likelihood of entity to send /receive message
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Random draws from target population
distribution NEO PI-R scores
Create personality profile for each synthetic
soldier at time of creation
Use model scores as coefficients to alter
“trained” skill levels
Dynamically modify skill levels given events
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SLIDE 14 Small-unit patrol in urban terrain
- Model-based personality traits
manually input in synthetic soldiers
- No dynamic behavior changes
- Not a comprehensive verification
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Compare output from “out of the box”
behavior model and the enhanced behavior model with a well-documented historical small-unit battle
Ox and Bucks coup de main at Pegasus
Bridge, 6 June 1944 selected as the validation scenario
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- Background research complete
- Site visit complete
- 2D and 3D models complete
- Weapon modeling ongoing
- USMA and St. Cyr cadets
engaged in model integration
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Department of Systems Engineering United States Military Academy West Point, New York
