2018 Lecture 9 The speed of revolu@ons, the transi@on to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GEOS 24705 / ENST 24705 / ENSC 21100 2018

Lecture 9 The speed of revolu@ons, the transi@on to electricity

Revolu@ons are by nature fast

Revolu@on is @me of maximum change

from V. Smil

Industrial Revolu0on George Eliot, “Middlemarch”, 1872 (set in 1829—32) In the hundred to which Middlemarch belonged, railways were as exci@ng a topic as the Reform Bill or the imminent horrors

• f cholera, and those who held the

most decided views on the subject were women and landholders.

People talk about the coming

• f new technology

“It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed... It had a black canal and a river that ran purple with ill- smelling dye, and vast piles of building full

• f windows where there was a raUling

and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.”

Revolu@on is @me of maximum change

from V. Smil

Industrial Revolu0on Charles Dickens, Hard Times, 1859

People talk about the machines themselves

Revolu@on is @me of maximum change

from V. Smil

Industrial Revolu0on Factory workers, on the other hand, were supposedly ruled only by what Carlyle called the "cash nexus”. While they endured killing hours and were treated like machines while at work, whatever leisure hours they had were unsupervised... although industrialism exploited workers and caused many of them immense suffering, it also gave them a frightening new kind of freedom .... even young children were inherently accorded a kind of adult autonomy and subjec@vity quite different from the child-like posi@on of domes@c servants and generally frightening to middle-class observers.

EllioM, Victorian Literature and Culture, v. 28 (2), 2000

People are frightened of social changes

Revolu@on is @me of maximum change

from V. Smil

Industrial Revolu0on Marx & Engels, Communist Manifesto, 1848 “Alles Ständische und Stehende verdamp^, alles Heilige wird entweiht....” All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condi@ons of life, and his rela@ons with his kind.

People understand technology is behind change

Revolu@on is @me of maximum change

from V. Smil

Industrial Revolu0on Marx & Engels, Communist Manifesto, 1848 “Alles Ständische und Stehende verdamp^, alles Heilige wird entweiht....” All that is sta0onary evaporates into steam, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condi@ons of life, and his rela@ons with his kind.

People understand technology is behind change

A transporta@on revolu@on: locomo@ves rapidly remake the U.S.

Where and what period is this locomo@ve from?

1846 London & Birmingham locomo0ve

Where and what period is this locomo@ve from?

1855 “Pony” locomo0ve, built in Paterson NJ note single pair of driving wheels: 4-2-4

Where and what period is this locomo@ve from?

Houston and Texas Central Locomo0ve, ~1868, 4-4-0

Where and what period is this locomo@ve from?

1893, “Engine 999” of the New York Central Railroad, 4-4-0

“World’s Fastest Locomo@ve”: 1893 land speed record of 112.5 mph

Engine 999 now lives in Hyde Park

What event is this picture showing?

“golden spike”, Promontory Summit, 1869 transcon0nental railway connec0on

1840 map of railways in U.S.

ARK MO

California is Mexican territory, ~ 1 year by sail rt to New York, main industry caMle hides. Total populaXon about 8,000 non-Indian, San Francisco < 200 people

1850 map of railways in U.S.

1850s: “fronXer” actually middle of country: states in West and East, territories in between

TERR

ARK MO IA

1860 map of railways in U.S.

1870 map of railways in U.S.

1870s: caMle drives to Abilene & Dodge City KS, barbed wire introduced, range wars begin

1880 map of railways in U.S.

1880s: cowboy era is ending, first meatpacking plants W. of Chicago

1890: fronXer is declared closed

1890 map of railways in U.S.

By the 1890s, the Wild West is already sold as nostalgia

Fron0ersman “Buffalo” Bill Cody 1858 (age 12), works his way to Wyoming on a wagon train 1861 (age 15) rides for Pony Express 1867 buffalo hunter for Kansas railroad work crews 1860’s-70s scouts for US Army, fights in Indian Wars (1876 Custer’s Last Stand) 1883 founds Wild West show

By the 1890s, the Wild West is already sold as nostalgia

Wild West Show cast, postcard signed 1908 at Chicago World’s Fair 1893 where he re-enacts Custer’s last stand... Fron0ersman “Buffalo” Bill Cody 1858 (age 12), works his way to Wyoming on a wagon train 1861 (age 15) rides for Pony Express 1867 buffalo hunter for Kansas railroad work crews 1860’s-70s scouts for US Army, fights in Indian Wars (1876 Custer’s Last Stand) 1883 founds Wild West show

T: Buffalo Bill & Silng Bull, 1895 B: Annie Oakely in her tent, 1893

Cody used the 4-4-0 as an icon of the “Wild West”

The Central Pacific 4-4-0 locomotives

A replica of the “Jupiter”, built 1980 for the Na@onal Park Service, photographed 2009 at 140th anniversary celebra@on

Photo: Dave Sanders

An original Central Pacific locomo@ve, possibly the “Jupiter”

The Wild West and the 4-4-0 remain engrained in the American imagina0on

Walt Disney with his Lily Belle train in his LA backyard layout, 1951. toy based on Central Pacific #173 from 1864 Central Pacific Jupiter replica

The Wild West and the 4-4-0 remain engrained in the American imagina0on

Steam locomo@ve at Disneyland 5/8 scale custom-build, 1955 Walt Disney with his Lily Belle train in his LA backyard layout, 1951. toy based on Central Pacific #173 from 1864

By 1900, U.S. is a manufacturing na@on. The age of wood and the open range are over

Power to the people….

Soviet poster, 1925

“Communism is Soviet power plus the electrifica@on of the whole country”.

• - V. I. Lenin

“Lenin to the 8th All-Russian Congress of Soviets”, Dec. 1920

Revolu@ons are by nature dangerous

(then slow down as technology matures and we forget)

Early technologies are imperfect

New developments occur at peak of prior technology

Then persists: no big change to prime movers aher electrificaXon

Sources of Power for Mechanical Drives in the United States.

Data Source: Warren D. Devine, Jr., "From Sha^s to Wires: Historical Perspec@ve on Electrifica@on," Journal of Economic History 43 (1983): 347_372; Table 3, p. 351. From: Ausubel, J. Daedalus 125(3):139-169, 1996.

Modern energy system developed

• ------1880-1910-------

Steam is not gone

(we just don’t no@ce it anymore)

Steamships built through 1950s

1986

Queen Elizabeth II, built

• n her last cruise as a

steamship before conversion no more reciprocaXng steam engines anymore George H.W. Bush, 2009 Nimitz class, cost: $6.2B home port Norfolk, VA nuclear powered

.... and s@ll today

Three major types of engines

Reciproca0ng engine

Expanding gas drives piston up in cylinder, giving linear moXon

Turbine Expanding gas

drives blades to produce rotaXon

Jet engine Most

gas ejected at high pressure to produce linear moXon

(+ some drives blades to produce rotaXon and drive compressor)

Electricity not only transports kine@c energy It also allows doing work more flexibly: engine and motor characteris@cs can differ

Kine@c ------(generator)-----------> Electrical --------(motor)--------> Kine@c

1/3 of total primary energy now goes to make electricity

Where does steam persist in current energy system?

total e ~ 32% transporta@on e ~ 21% turbines e ~ 23% ? (likely underes@mate of thermal efficiency) 61% through heat engine

All current use of steam: turbines spin generators to make electricity Steam turbines are choice for external combus0on All reciproca@ng engines are now internal combus0on

(with some minor excepXons)

States show significant differences in electricity sources

Oregon has abundant and cheap hydro from the Columbia River

States show significant differences in electricity sources

Hawaii has no good way to make electricity, must resort to oil