2016 0 PREPARATION OF DISSERTATION The guidelines for the - - PDF document

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

BACHELORS (B.Sc.) & MASTERS (M.Sc.) DISSERTATIONS PRESENTATION GUIDELINES

2016

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PREPARATION OF DISSERTATION

The guidelines for the preparation of dissertation of Bachelors (B.Sc.) and Masters (M.Sc.) programmes in the Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos are as follows:

• 1. GENERAL GUIDELINES:

i. Dissertation Title: This should not be more than 23 words. ii. Abstract: This should be 1 page and without paragraph(s). iii. Every table, figure and/or plate must come immediately after it is mentioned in the text and there must be not more than One table and/or Two figures / plates per page. iv. Title of Table should be at the top of the table while title of figures and plates should be at their bottom. v. Tables / figures / plates must be numbered continuously e.g. Table 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. throughout the Thesis. vi. Tables/figures/plates are not to be cited in the discussion. vii. All plates (photographs) shall be printed in full colour except in cases where that negates the information being provided. viii. Tables must be simple and understandable. There shall be NO grid lines or shading within the table. ix. In every title of table, figure or plate, there should be no acronyms and species name must be written fully. x. Common names must come before scientific names. xi. Any appendix that is not referred to in-text should not be listed or included in the thesis. xii. Methodology, Results and Discussion should be written in Past Tense.

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xiii. Objectives should be written in future tense and should be numbered. xiv. References must be current and should be majorly within the last 15 years. xv. Tables, figures and plates in literature review must have their sources written below them. xvi. All in-text citations must be included in the list of references and vice-versa. xvii. Always spell-check your thesis before submitting. xviii. Methodology, Results and Discussion should follow logically according to the

• bjectives.

xix. The first mention of a scientific name should be written fully including its classifier. xx. Recommended font type and size: a. Font type - Times New Roman b. Font Size - 12 c. Spacing – Double d. Justification - Paragraphing style

• 2. OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION

The following shall be the outline of dissertation: Abstract Chapter One: Introduction Chapter Two: Literature Review Chapter Three: Materials and Methods / Methodology Chapter Four: Results Chapter Five: Discussion (Conclusion and Recommendations may be included as the only sub units of the Discussion) References Appendices

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• 3. DISSERTATION COVER

3.1 Colour, Type of cover and Dimensions The approved colour for Dissertation cover in Zoology Department is NAVY BLUE. The Dissertation must be bound hard cover, with a rectangular spine on which the summary title of the Dissertation will be written in a format as specified below. The dimensions of the cover should be 29 cm by 20 cm.

• NB. Soft bind spiral copies (2) are submitted for viva voce.

3.2 Front Cover Title Format The cover of the Thesis / Dissertation should carry the Thesis / Dissertation title and should be in capital letters in the format shown below:

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TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MALATHION ON THE AFRICAN MUD CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

BY

IFEDOLAPO, UCHE ABU

160809001 JANUARY, 2016

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3.3 Format of Spine Title The title on the cover spine should be written as follows; Student’s surname and initials, degree with the specialization in brackets, followed by the year of Thesis/Dissertation defence as shown below:

IFEDOLAPO, U. A. M.Sc. (Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management) 2016

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• 4. TITLE PAGE

The title page is the first page of the Thesis/Dissertation following the blank page. This page carries the Thesis/Dissertation title, full names of the student (starting with the surname), matriculation number, previous degrees, year and school, a statement on the degree for which the Thesis/Dissertation is meant, the Department and University to which the Thesis/Dissertation is being submitted, and the year of submission, according to the format below.

TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MALATHION ON THE AFRICAN MUD CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

BY

IFEDOLAPO, UCHE ABU 160809001

B.Sc. (Hons.) Zoology (2014) University of Lagos, Lagos. A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award

• f Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Environmental Toxicology and

Pollution Management.

JANUARY, 2016

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• 5. DECLARATION PAGE

The Declaration Page contains a statement by the student on the originality of the work reported in the Thesis/Dissertation and acknowledgement of sources of information utilized, according to the format below:

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Thesis was written by me and is a correct report of my own research. It has not been presented in any previous application for any degree of this or any other University. All citations and sources of information are clearly acknowledged by means of references. ………………………………… IFEDOLAPO, UCHE ABU …………………………………. Date

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• 6. CERTIFICATION PAGE

The Certification Page contains a statement of approval of the Thesis/Dissertation in line with the appropriate University regulations and is signed by the Supervisor according to the format below:

CERTIFICATION

I certify that this dissertation titled ‘Toxicological Effects of Malathion on the African Mud Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)’ is the outcome of a research carried out by IFEDOLAPO, UCHE ABU under my supervision for the award of Master of Science degree in Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Management. (Signature of Project Supervisor) …………………………… …………………….. Name of Project Supervisor Date Note: In the event that a student has more than one supervisor, the names should be listed separately, with provision for separate signatures.

• 7. DEDICATION PAGE

The dedication should come after the certification page. It should generally be short in length and convey the message in a concise manner.

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• 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE

The acknowledgement page is for giving credit to all those who played significant roles in support of the study (such as supervisor(s), funders, …) or other students during the course of study, research and write-up. Note: The supervisor(s) should be acknowledged first.

• 9. TABLE OF CONTENTS FORMAT

The Table of Contents is very important as it provides an insight into the organization of the whole Thesis/Dissertation. It should therefore be carefully compiled. To aid quick comprehension, listing of sub-sections should be indented from sections as shown below: TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Title Page………………………………………………………………………… i Declaration……………………………………………………………………….. ii Certification………………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………… .. iv Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………… v Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………. vi List of Tables …………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………. viii List of Plates………………………………………………………………………..ix List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………x Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. ix CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………… 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………… 2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………. 2 2.1 Types of Toxciological Effects…………………………………………3

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CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………….. 30 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………… 30 3.1 Test Animal………………………………………………………..…. 30 3.2 Statistical Analyses……………………………………………………. 40 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………….. … 37 4.0 RESULTS…………………………………………………………………... 37 4.1 Physico-chemical Parameters of Water………………………………..… 38 CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………… 50 5.0 DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………. 50 5.1 Conclusion and Recommendations………………………………………. 65 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….... 68 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 80

• 10. FORMAT FOR LIST OF TABLES

All the tables/figures/plates in the Thesis/Dissertation must be serially numbered and a table/figure/plate compiled to show their page location within the text as indicated below: LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page

• 1. Physico-chemical Parameters of Water………………….. 45
• 2. Acute Toxicity Results…………………………………….. 48
• 11. ABSTRACT

Each Thesis/Dissertation is expected to contain an abstract of not more than 1 page displayed before Chapter One. This should be reported in prose and in a concise manner containing a brief introduction, objectives of the research, the major findings and conclusions. It should be in a form suitable for direct use by international abstracting services and should not be paragraphed.

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• 12. INTRODUCTION

This section should contain a brief background of the study, statement of the problem, justification and objectives.

• 13. LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevant literature to the research should be reviewed in this section.

• 14. MATERIALS AND METHODS / METHODOLOGY

This section should contain detailed procedures with references.

• 15. DISCUSSION

In discussion, the student is expected to relate his findings together to make one continuous

• thought. To achieve this, the discussion should not be segmented but worked into one

inseparable idea where all the findings flow into one another to make a complete sense. Conclusions and Recommendation are the only permissible segment of discussion.

• 16. REFERENCES

All references cited in the write up should be listed in this section. It is very important to use the correct format always for citing reference within the text: Where not more than two authors are involved in a citation, the surnames only, followed by the year of publication of the work being cited should be used viz: Previous work in support of this theory includes those of Phalia (1991) Awodeyi and Otolorin (1994) and Sodeinde (1995). Furthermore, udder size in sheep varies with parity, breed and stage of lactation (Abubakar, 1975; Abacha and Babangida, 1992).

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For citation involving more than two authors, only the first author’s surname, followed by et al., and year of publication should be used: Records of reproduction performance (Bemji et al., 1979) and preweaning weight gain (Bemji et al., 1997) have been reported. Fujiyama et al. (1982) found that ewes …… All references cited within the body of the Thesis/Dissertation must be listed alphabetically by authors and chronologically in a Reference section at the end of the Thesis/Dissertation. Journal titles must be written in full and italicized. REFERENCES Correa, M. and Garcia, H.I. (1990). Physiological responses of juvenile white mullet, Mugil curema, exposed to benzene. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44: 428– 434. Couillard, C.M. (2002). A microscale test to measure petroleum oil toxicity to mummichog embryos. Environmental Toxicology 17: 195–202. Davoren, M., Shuilleabhain, S.N., O’ Halloran, J., Hartl, M.G., Sheehan, D., Obrien, N.M., van Pelt, F.N. and Mothersill, C. (2005). A test battery approach for the ecotoxicological evaluation of estuarine sediments. Ecotoxicology 14 (7): 741–755. Di Veroli, A., Selvaggi, R. and Goretti, E. (2010). Sediment toxicity and deformities of chironomied larvae in Lake Piediluco (Central Italy). Chemosphere 79: 33-39. Nagpal, N. K. (1993). PAHs and Their Characteristics In: Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/pahs/pahs-01.htm. Accessed 27th December, 2014.

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• 17. APPENDICES

When appendices are included in the thesis/dissertation, they should also be numbered serially as the tables. Unless references are made to them in the body of the work, appendices may not be necessary. This section should be concise.

• 15. GENERAL NOTES

Typing, margins, line spacing, paging, type and size of paper The body of the Thesis/Dissertation should be typed double-spaced on one side of the paper

• nly. The paper should be white, 60-90 gram and A4 sized (210 – 297 mm). The character-

set used for typing should preferably be Times New Roman font size 12pt. Typing should be in black ink. A margin of 2.5 cm should be left all round except on the left margin which should be 3.75 cm wide as shown below: All pages of the Thesis/Dissertation should carry page numbers centred within the bottom margin of the page. The prefatory pages should be numbered using Roman numerals (I, II…. IX). All pages of the main text of the Thesis/Dissertation starting with the Introduction (Chapter One) should be consecutively numbered with Arabic numerals (1, 2,….. 250). Typing of the Thesis/Dissertation should be done using and the printing should be letter quality or preferably by laser-jet printer.

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REFERENCES

• 1. FUNAAB Postgraduate Regulations.
• 2. University of Ibadan Research Methodology Handbook.
• 3. University of Lagos Department of Zoology Referencing Guidelines for

Undergraduate Students.