1 Antibiotics Contribute to Adverse Drug Diagnosing a UTI - PDF document

Objectives  Recognize factors that contribute to UTIs in the long term care setting.  Review relevant & recent data on UTI Management.  Understand important factors to consider when choosing cranberry-containing medical foods for UTI management. UTI Management in Long Term Care:  Learn tactics on how to effectively implement a UTI protocol in your facility while improving quality of care. Implementing an Effective UTI Protocol Presented by: Lynn Spalding, RDN, CSG Sharon Strunk, RN, DON April 23, 2014 Healthcare Associated Conditions (HAI) Prevalence & Cost of Treating UTI are the Leading Cause of Deaths • Most prevalent infection in LTC • Accounts for ~40% of all infections & over • 1.6 - 3.8M infections occur per year in LTC 8% of total costs in nursing home care • ~400,000 deaths • Most frequent cause of hospital transfer & readmissions • Most prevalent source of bacteremia • USDHHS National Action Plan to prevent HAI • Most common reason for hospital transfer 5 priority areas: 1.Urinary tract infections • Costs to treat a UTI is ~$691, not including 2.C. diff costs associated with complications 3.Skin & wound infections 4.Lower respiratory tract infection 5.Influenza & influenza-like illness Hooton & Stamm. 1997. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am; Ikaheimo, R. et al. 1996.Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 91 – 99; Nicolle LE, Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Inf Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:647-62 Koch et al, (2009) 71, 269-274 Strausbaugh et al, 2000; 21: 674-679 Teresi JA et al. Dec 1991; 31(6):795-806 Ouslander JG et al, J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12: 95 – 203 CMS, LTC MDS, Resident profile table as of 05/02/2005. Baltimore. MD Infections Increase Antibiotic Use National Initiatives • Constitutes up to 40% of all prescribed Affordable Care Act medications  Integrated care • 70% of residents are on at least 1  Preventing readmissions antibiotic treatment within a yr • 25-75% of the antibiotic use in LTC is inappropriate CDC Campaign • 27,000 nursing home residents have  Get Smart for Healthcare antibiotic resistant infections  Starting from hospitals, moving to LTC  Antibiotic Resistance Koch et al, (2009) 71, 269-274 Strausbaugh et al, 2000; 21: 674-679 Teresi JA et al. Dec 1991; 31(6):795-806 Ouslander JG et al, J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12: 95 – 203 CMS, LTC MDS, Resident profile table as of 05/02/2005. Baltimore. MD 1

Antibiotics Contribute to Adverse Drug Diagnosing a UTI Reactions (ADR) • 5-28% of hospital admissions involved an Challenges: (ADR).  Recent data: Nace et al 2014 • 82% of residents taking > 6 medications  “No gold standard” develop an ADR.  No uniformly accepted/applied UTI definition • Taking > 6 medications increases mortality rate. ―Choose Wisely‖ campaign cautionary statement  No criteria will be perfect in the debilitated elderly so that follow- up and judgment will always be needed In LTC, for every $1 spent on medications,  Monitoring is not “doing nothing” $1.33 was spent on treating ADRs Planton J, Edlund BJ. J Gerontol Nurs 2010;36:8-12. Jyrkka J, Enlund H, Korhonen MJ, et al. Drugs Aging 2009;26:1039-1048. Beer C, Hyde Z, Almeida OP, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;71:592-599. Field TS, Gurwitz JH, Harrold LR, et al.J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1349-1354. Bootman JL, Harrison DL, Cox E. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2089-2096. UTIs Treated with Antibiotics UTI Classification  Asymptomatic UTI (no symptoms) High Incidence of Reoccurrence!  Symptomatic UTI (symptoms)  Minimal criteria for initiating antimicrobials  Positive urine culture (>10 5 CFU/ml) and dysuria with By 4 – 6 weeks, 50% – 70% of 2 or more of symptoms below: individuals treated for a UTI will again have positive urine cultures. • Fever • Shaking Chills • Urgency • Frequency • Flank Pain • Gross hematuria • Urinary Incontinence • Suprapubic pain Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:647-62. Loeb et al, 2005 UTI Development Antibiotic use for Asymptomatic UTI Pathogenic microorganisms originate from fecal or vaginal sources & • Associated with recurrent infections migrate upward • Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria Enter the urethra, attach, proliferate and cause symptoms • Does not change survival or chronic symptoms • NOT RECOMMENDED (Infectious Diseases Society of America) Irritating the bladder wall causing an inflammatory effect Gross L (2006) Bacterial Fimbriae Designed to Stay with the Flow. PLoS Biol 4(9): e314 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040314 2

UTIs Can Result in: UTI Development - Trouble Makers • Urgency , Incontinence • Confusion and falls Uropathogens • Pain & depression • Decrease in daily activity due to fatigue, pain , & urgency E. coli • Increases metabolic rate, decreases appetite , decreases Proteus Mirabilis albumin levels, negatively impacting nutritional status E. Coli Klebsiella Pneumonia • Antibiotic use Chlamydia Trachomatis Items in BOLD are • Further infections & MDRO Mycoplasma Hominis Quality Measures Staphylococcus saprophyticus • Skin breakdown & skin infection • Account for almost 30% of hospitalizations UTI Left Untreated Natural Host Defense Mechanisms Reduced blood Fever pressure Bladder mucosa destroys the Inflammatory bacteria in the Can be response urine remaining Antibacterial fatal on the walls properties of urine & its Urine flow constituents Altered mental Lack of oxygen & urination status to major organs Acid vaginal environment /Prostatic secretions Age Related Changes Key to UTI Prevention is to Decrease the Increasing UTI Risk Adhesion of E.coli to the Urinary Tract Wall 3

Collaborative Care for Prevention and Dietary factors for UTI MANAGEMENT Treatment • Eliminate causative agent • Prevent relapse • Correct contributing factors, as able Pre & Cranberries Probiotics Dietary Factors for UTI Management Cranberry Extract vs Antibiotic Prophphylaxis • 137 women (mean age 63) w/ >2 antibiotic-treated UTIs in the Cranberry containing products are the most previous 12 mo were randomized to receive either: promising non-pharmacological option  500 mg of cranberry extract for 6 mo  100 mg of trimethoprim for 6 mo No significant difference: 39/137 participants had an antibiotic-treated UTI (25 in the cranberry group & 14 in the trimethoprim group) Antibiotics had a very limited advantage over cranberry extract in the prevention of recurrent UTIs in older women and had more adverse effects McMurdo, M. E. T. et al. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2009 63:389-395 Medical Foods can Improve Quality of Care Medical Foods Definition Indicators related to UTIs Foods that are specially formulated & Indicators of Quality processed for the patient/resident who is  One or More Falls with Major Injury seriously ill or who requires the product as a  Self-Report Moderate to Severe Pain major treatment modality High-Risk Residents with Pressure Ulcers  Urinary Tract Infection Criteria: Lose Control of their Bowels   Oral or tube feeding Lose Control of their Bladder  Need for Help with Activities of Daily Living Has Increased  Labeled for the dietary management of a specific medical  Lose Too Much Weight disorder, disease, or condition for which there are distinctive  nutritional requirements Have Depressive Symptoms   Intended to be used under medical supervision Unnecessary drugs  Infection rate http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/medfguid.html  Hospital readmission rate Total 10 4

Starts with Intestinal Tract health Prebiotics • Many prebiotics are classified as a functional fiber • Non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system • Food for probiotics, proliferating their growth Colon Health contributes to Urinary Tract Health Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. . J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6):1401-12. Functions of FOS Prebiotics Beneficial Effects in Older Adults Selectively promote Target Age Prebiotic Outcome Reference Produce SCFA Probiotics (yrs) (e.g . Lactobacillus & Bifidobacteria )  bifidobacteria Microbiota 69 ± 2 FOS Bouhnik et al., 2007 composition  bifidobacteria 77-97 FOS Guigoz et al., 2002  bifidobacteria 68-89 Inulin Kleesen et al., 1997 Lowers colonic pH  markers of Immune 84 ± 7 FOS Schiffrin et al., 2007 function inflammation Make colonic Provide food for environment less colon cells maintaining integrity favorable for pathogens Adapted from Tiihonen et al., Ageing Res Rev 2009 PACs have an Anti-Adhesion Effect on E.coli 1. Change the shape from rods to spheres 2. Compress fimbriae 3. Alter the cell membranes Cranberries Contain: Proanthocyanidins (PACs) 5