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- Europe becomes more permanently and densely populated
- Middle Pleistocene hominins remained and expanded ranges of
- H. erectus
1 Middle Pleistocene hominins -Europe becomes more permanently and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 Middle Pleistocene hominins -Europe becomes more permanently and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 Middle Pleistocene hominins -Europe becomes more permanently and densely populated -Middle Pleistocene hominins remained and expanded ranges of H. erectus 2 Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya -Last glaciations -Neandertal emerges in Europe H.
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Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya
- Last glaciations
- Neandertal emerges in Europe
- H. heidelbergensis in Europe gave rise to Neandertal
- H. heidelbergensis in Africa gave rise to Homo sapiens
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Homo heidelbergensis
850,000-200,000 ya Widely dispersed in Africa and Europe
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Homo heidelbergensis
Morphological changes from Homo erectus
- Increased brain size, rounded braincase
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The Pleistocene Epoch
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Pleistocene epoch 1.8 mya-10 kya
The Ice Age Middle Pleistocene: 780-125 kya
- Numerous glacial and interglacials occurred
- Climatic oscillations affected African, European, and Asian hominins
Late Pleistocene: 125-10 kya
- Last glaciations
- Neandertal emerges in Europe
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Interglacial periods: more rainfall Glacial periods: more arid
Middle Pleistocene African setting
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Interglacial periods: Open migration routes to Europe thru Eurasia Glacial periods: Colder and inaccessible to migrating hominins thru Eurasia
Middle Pleistocene European setting
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Homo heidelbergensis
850-200 kya Widely dispersed in Africa and Europe Morphological changes from Homo erectus
- Increased brain size, rounded braincase
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Middle Pleistocene hominins (MPh) sites
Europe 500-400 kya Atapuerca, Spain
- 80% of MPh remains found here
- Evidence of early Neandertal transition
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Middle Pleistocene culture
- Still using Acheulian tools
Levallois technique
- More control over flake size/shape
- Suggests increased cognitive capabilities
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- Caves and open-air campsites
- Made temporary structures
Subsistence: increased variety in food resources: fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, eggs, and... Unique: marine resources: fish, mussels, shellfish, etc.
Middle Pleistocene hominin culture
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Middle Pleistocene hominins sites
Africa 600 kya Bodo, Ethiopia
- Earliest H. heidelbergensis site
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Neandertal
130-30 kya
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Neandertal
- Most neandertal sites are in Europe
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Neandertal morphology
Cranial
- Occipital bun
CC=1520 cm3
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Neandertal morphology
Postcranial
- Robust, muscular, stockier
- Shorter limbs
Morphology = adaptations to colder European climate
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Neandertal culture
Mousterian tool industry (125-40 kya)
- More flake tools vs core tools
- Tools for skinning and making clothes
- Regular fire use
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Neandertal culture
Confrontational hunters
- Close-proximity hunting with thrusting spears
- Pattern of trauma on Neandertal skeletons matches pattern of
trauma on rodeo performers
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Neandertal culture and behavioral traits
Symbolic behavior
- Intentional burials
- Personal art: applied pigment to shells
- Capable of making human-like sounds
- No evidence of human-like language
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Neandertal sites
Western Asia 70-60 kya Shanidar, Iraq
- Burial of disabled man
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Neandertal sites
Western Asia 70-60 kya Shanidar, Iraq
- Burial of disabled man
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Denisovans
- Genetic evidence of an extinct hominin
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Neandertal culture recap
- Confrontational hunters
- Infrequent intentional burials
- Capable of symbolic behavior
- Adapted to cold climates
- No evidence of human-like language