1 Administrivia Projects: reminder to post on Moodle Please attend - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CS102: Monsoon 2015

CS 102 Human-Computer Interaction Lecture 4: Human-centered design (1)

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Administrivia

Projects: reminder to post on Moodle Please attend cr0n meetings Any questions on projects?

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Recap

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Cognitive biases: summary

Understand biases thoroughly Play Bingo (Tambola) to spot them in real life Test your friends Read: Tversky and Kahneman; CIA book on Psychology of Intelligence Analysis See Wikipedia list of cognitive biases — many small variations

• f the ones we talked about (e.g. what is the IKEA bias?)

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Human-centered design

Human needs, capabilities and behaviors are put first, and then a product is designed to support them

• 1. Understand user
• 2. Build prototypes
• 3. Test

Avoid specifying the exact problem too early to avoid narrow framing

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Human-centered design… NOT

What might be some examples? Other foci: cost, bureaucracy, legal liability, lack of interest/ awareness, lack of users, lack of time, manufacturing constraints, keeping people “occupied”, supposedly well-understood users, …

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Understanding Users

Studying and understanding users is one of the most important things HCI designers do Many specific techniques: Surveys Observation Probes Diary/pager studies Interviews Contextual enquiry Ethnographic methods …

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First: ethical issues

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Human-subjects experiments

Most “human-subjects” experiments need to be explicitly approved, monitored and reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) Approval must be obtained before the research takes place Strong policies on consent, deception, etc. The Ashoka IRB form and process is being finalized

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Stanford prison experiment

• Prof. Philip Zimbardo conducted an (in)famous

experiment in 1971: 12 students acting as guards and 12 as prisoners for 2 weeks

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Other troublesome experiments

• Tuskegee syphilis experiment (1932-1972)
• Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority” experiment (1961)
• Facebook’s emotional contagion (2014)

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IRB rules

IRBs also apply to CS-related work (involving network monitoring, personal/sensitive data, etc.) All students in this class are required to complete human- subjects training IRB not needed or expedited for straightforward projects (surveys, interviews, public observation generally exempt) Ask if in doubt! Be careful about collecting identifiable information

12 12 Institutional Review Boards and Your Research

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Understanding users

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Surveys

Simplest and cheapest tool to administer (but surprisingly overlooked) Pros: Scalable, quick Cons: Relatively rigid, textual, uni-dimensional Many tools: Surveymonkey, Google forms, etc.

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Observation

Observe participants in their natural settings without any intervention Pros: Ecological validity, can be done with video Cons: Need some physical presence, typically cannot dig deeper

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Probes

Alter the environment in some way and see how people react to it. e.g, Google Fibre, free phones, … Pros: Simulate a possible future Cons: Expensive, perturbs the environment, limited use

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Diary studies

Participants record “incidents” as they happen. Researcher is generally remote Incidents could be gathered either automatically or manually For each incident, participant either answers some questions (feedback method) or is interviewed (elicitation method)

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Diary studies

Could also capture some information right away to aid memory and fill in the rest later Tips: Recruit more users than needed (some will drop-out) Check mid-way to ensure that data is being collected

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Diary studies

Pros: Reliable way to get longitudinal feedback Cons: Might be intrusive, low control, might have dropouts You can use this to observe yourself!

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Diary study example

20 http://www.eouchpaindiary.ca/

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Related methods

Experience Sampling Method (ESM or pager study) periodically interrupts participants and asks them to record something (e.g. emotions) Daily Reconstruction Method (DRM) tells participants to reconstruct all episodes from the previous day (typically ~15/day) and emotion about each of them finds that life circumstances have little effect on daily satisfaction improved life circumstances quickly cease to provide increased satisfaction (“hedonic treadmill”)

21 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1776.long

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Ethnography

Eesha Thacker

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ἄνθρωπος - λόγος ánthrōpos (human) - lógos (study)

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• Renaissance Germany (mid 15th century to early 17th century)

Magnus Hundt (1439 - 1519) - Philosopher, Physician, Theologian Otto Casmann (1562 - 1607) - Humanist

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

1854 - Origin of the Species 1855 - Theory of ‘natural selection’

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Fields

• Sociocultural - describes the workings of societies

around the world

• Biological - concerns longterm development of the

human organism

• Linguistic - investigates the influence of language in

social life

• Archaeological - studies past human cultures through

investigation of physical evidence

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ἔθνος - γράφω ethnos (folk, people, nation) - grapho (I write)

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Autoethnography

• As a discipline can shed new perspective on current

word issues

• From indigeneity to migration and material cultural
• Reflect on our own perspective when thinking about

‘issues’

• How we all engage with difference and sameness on a

daily basis

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