Yoga in Schools Yoga Alliance Webinar May 7, 2020 Sat Bir S. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Brigham & Womens Hospital Harvard Medical School Yoga in Schools Yoga Alliance Webinar May 7, 2020 Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Director of Yoga Research, Yoga Alliance Director of
Brigham & Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Director of Yoga Research, Yoga Alliance Director of Research, Kundalini Research Institute Editor in Chief, International Journal of Yoga Therapy Research Associate, Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine Research Affiliate, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine
From: Yoga in America Market Study, Yoga Journal, 2008 From: Clarke TC, Barnes PM, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Nahin RL.Use of yoga, meditation, and chiropractors among U.S. adults aged 18 and older. NCHS Data Brief, no 325. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2018.
19.0 15.6 22.3 22.7 20.3 18.3 14.0 13.2 16.3 21.5 20
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
Percentage of High School Students Who Were Bullied on School Property
Percentage of High School Students Who Ever Drank Alcohol
60.4 58.1 62.6 47.7 58.0 66.4 71.7 51.3 64.7 61.7 20 40 60
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
Percentage of High School Students Who Ate Vegetables One or More Times Per Day
59.4 59.4 59.3 56.1 60.8 60.4 60.8 49.4 56.1 62.8 20 40 60
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
Percentage of High School Students Who Were Physically Active at Least 60 Minutes Per Day
46.5 56.9 36.8 54.1 45.0 45.1 41.4 42.0 44.9 48.7 20 40 60
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
Percentage of High School Students Who Described Themselves As Slightly or Very Overweight
31.5 25.3 37.5 30.5 29.7 33.8 32.3 28.1 37.1 29.9 20 40
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
Stress is Taking a Physical and Emotional Health Toll
…parents are underestimating how much stress their children experience and the impact their own stress has on their children. …children as young as eight years old are reporting that they experience physical and emotional health consequences often associated with stress.
Majority of seriously impairing and persistent conditions have child- adolescent onsets and high comorbidity Need for treatment of largely untreated child-adolescent disorders
From: One-year incidence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors among adolescents in the
“The most consistent factors involve indicators of stress…” “Personal resources (e.g. mastery) enhance resilience to onset”
From: Estimating the burden of psychiatric disorders in adolescence: the impact of subthreshold disorders. Roberts RE, Fisher PW, Turner JB, Tang M. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50:397-406, 2015.
“…overall prevalence for at least one [subthreshold] disorder in the past year of…almost 16%...” “One in four adolescents had either…disorder with impairment.”
From: Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance Among U.S. Children: A Meta-Analysis. Williams NJ, Scott L, Aarons GA, Psychiatric Services, 69:32-40, 2018.
“…10.06% of youths experience [serious emotional disturbance] with substantial impairment in one or more functional domains…” “…large numbers of youth and families affected… underscore the need for comprehensive and effective prevention and treatment services.”
From: Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, Copeland W, Shanahan L, Costello EJ, Angold A, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50:252-61, 2011.
…the striking feature
is...how high the rates of early psychiatric disorders
lifetime prevalence
problems by age 21 well exceeds 80%, suggesting that the experience of psychiatric illness is nearly universal.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049293/pdf/nihms261148.pdf
Percentage of High School Students Who Seriously Considered Attempting Suicide
17.2 11.9 22.1 16.3 17.3 17.5 17.4 14.7 16.4 17.3 20
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White
Percent
l Stress (developmental, family, social, academic, societal) l Mental Health (depression, anxiety, substance abuse, trauma) l Behavior (apathy, violence, social skills, bullying, absenteeism) l Academics (grades, dropouts) l Physical Health (obesity, diabetes) l Attention (ADD, ADHD)
Yoga Practices
Postures, Breathing, Relaxation, Meditation
Fitness
↑Flexibility ↑Strength ↑Coordination/Balance ↑Respiratory Function ↑Self-Efficacy
Global Human Functionality
↑Physical & Mental Health, ↑Physical Performance ↑Stress & Emotion Regulation, ↑Awareness/Mindfulness, ↑Meta-cognition ↑Positive Behavior, ↑Wellbeing, ↑Values, ↑Life Purpose & Meaning, ↑Spirituality
Self-Regulation
↑Stress Regulation ↑Emotion Regulation ↑Resilience ↑Equanimity ↑Self-Efficacy
Awareness
↑Attention ↑Mindfulness ↑Concentration ↑Cognition ↑Meta-cognition
Spirituality
↑Unitive State ↑Transcendence ↑Flow ↑Transformation ↑Life Meaning/Purpose
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945853/pdf/PE_7_8_20.pdf
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/3/e20161896.full-text.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2020.00078/pdf
l Physiological - Physical Functioning l Psychological - Behavioral Functioning l Cognitive Performance
From: The Hygiene of the School Child, LM Terman, 1914.
… the health and welfare
regarded as one of as much importance as arithmetic and geography…
Center for Disease Control Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831047/pdf/nihms-749696.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00035/pdf
http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/345835.pdf
From: Are There Benefits from Teaching Yoga at Schools? A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials of Yoga-Based Interventions, Ferreira-Vorkapic C Feitoza, Marchioro M, Simões J, Kozasa E, Telles S, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 345835, 2015.
l Physiological - Physical Functioning l Psychological - Behavioral Functioning l Cognitive Performance
l Stress (developmental, family, social, academic, societal) l Mental Health (depression, anxiety, substance abuse, trauma) l Behavior (apathy, violence, social skills, bullying, absenteeism) l Academics (grades, dropouts) l Physical Health (obesity, diabetes) l Attention (ADD, ADHD)
From: Yoga in public school improves adolescent mood and affect, Felver JC, Butzer B, Olson KJ, Smith IM, Khalsa SBS, Contemporary School Psychology, 19:184-192, 2015.
* * *
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605219/pdf/nihms679030.pdf
From: Effects of a Kundalini Yoga Program on Elementary and Middle School Students’ Stress, Affect, and Resilience, Sarkissian M, Trent N, Huchting K, Khalsa SBS, Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 39:210-216, 2018.
Baseline End Program Average PSS Score
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Perceived Stress
Baseline End Program Average RS Score
115 120 125 130 135 140
Resilience
Baseline End Program Average PANAS-C PA Score
44 46 48 50 52
Positive Affect
Baseline End Program Average PANAS-C NA Score
24 26 28 30 32 34
Negative Affect
p < 0.05 p < 0.001 p < 0.05 p = NS
Social Stress Attitude to School Anger Resilience Negative Affect Anxiety Anger Expression Improvement Worsening
From: School-based yoga intervention increases adolescent resilience: a pilot trial. Felver JC, Razza R, Morton ML, Clawson AJ, Mannion RS, Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17:1-10, 2020 (preprint).
From: Khalsa K, Berger M, Khalsa S, unpublished data.
Time point
Post (After program) Pre (Before program)
Average score on the DERS
40.00 38.00 36.00 34.00 32.00 30.00 28.00
Difficulties with Emotion Regulation
Control Group Yoga Group
Condition
*
“…an increase of HRV (more parasympathetic dominance and overall higher HRV) after ten weeks of yoga in school in comparison to regular school sports was demonstrated, showing an improved self-regulation
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231299&type=printable
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903833/pdf/prbm-11-081.pdf From: Effect of mindfulness and yoga on quality of life for elementary school students and teachers: results of a randomized controlled school-based study. Bazzano AN, Anderson CE, Hylton C, Gustat J., Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11:81-89, 2018.
something…or just like to deal with my stress.”
as nervous or as tense.”
down… if I was stressed or angry I would then do the breathing to calm me down and I will probably continue to do this…”
I just breathed through it and try to be not angry anymore.”
From: Qualitative evaluation of a high school yoga program: Feasibility and perceived benefits, Conboy LA, Noggle JJ, Frey JL, Kudesia RS, Khalsa SBS, Explore: The Journal
A Qualitative Examination of Yoga for Middle School Adolescents, Butzer B, LoRusso AM, Windsor R, Riley F, Frame K, Khalsa SBS, Conboy L., Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 10(3):195-219, 2017.