Year 12 Unit 4 Planning Sustainable Places Overview Short Answer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Year 12 Unit 4

Planning Sustainable Places

Overview

Short Answer Exam Questions.

 Students may be required to utilise Geographical skills within these questions/answers.  Usually involves some source analysis.

Overview of Places and their Challenges

Places:

 the process of urbanisation and its implications for world population growth and human

wellbeing in urban and rural places

 the economic and environmental interdependence of urban and rural places  the historical, cultural, economic and environmental factors that have contributed to

the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in Australia

 the processes of urban sprawl, invasion and succession, renewal, planning, land use

competition, inertia and agglomeration that have contributed to the characteristics and functions of urban and rural places in Australia

 the changing demographic, economic and social characteristics, including age, gender

and socioeconomic and cultural distribution, in urban and rural places in Australia

The process of urbanisation and its implications for world population growth and human wellbeing in urban and rural places

 Urbanisation - the increasing percentage or

proportion of a population living in urban areas of a

• country. The term ‘level of urbanisation’ is often
• used. Can also refer to urbanisation as a process.

 Urban Growth - an increase in the number of people

living in urban places.

 Just over 50% of the World’s population live in cities

• The 21st century – the ‘urban century.’

 Human well being - the recognition that everyone

around the world, regardless of geography, age, culture, religion or political environment, aspires to live well. Many factors impact upon an individual’s ability to live well including social fragmentation, inequality, poverty, malnourishment as well as access to resources.

 2019: Explain one implication of changes in the level

• f urbanisation for world population growth and one

implication for human wellbeing. (6 marks.) https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization

The economic and environmental interdependence of urban and rural places

Interdependency – Two ways.

 Many mutually beneficial interactions  Strong linkages can improve the living

conditions and employment

• pportunities of both rural and urban

populations Economic:

 Rural places provide primary materials to

city from agriculture, forestry and mining activities. Environmental:

 Urban areas rely on the raw materials

found in the rural area.

P . 165 WA ATAR Geography (GAWA)

The historical, cultural, economic and environmental factors that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in Australia

Historical Factors

 Colonies and convict settlements.

Cultural Factors

 Rural-urban drift, Migration and the

Australian lifestyle

Source: ABS

The historical, cultural, economic and environmental factors that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in Australia

Economic Factors

 Capital cities, ports, minerals, agriculture,

decentralisation and settlement schemes Environmental Factors

 Climate, hydrology, topography, soils

2018 WACE:

Select two of the following factors and explain how they have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in Australia. Refer to specific evidence from Source 7 in your response. (6 marks.)

• historical
• cultural
• economic
• environmental

Source: bom.gov.au

The processes of urban sprawl, invasion and succession, renewal, planning, land use competition, inertia and agglomeration that have contributed to the characteristics and functions of urban and rural places in Australia

Key Terms:

 Functions, Functional Zones, Internal Morphology and External Morphology. Page 174 WA

ATAR Geography (GAWA)

www.researchgate.net

Key term and definition

How has this process contributed to the characteristics and functions of urban and rural places in Australia?

Urban sprawl invasion and succession

The changing demographic, economic and social characteristics, including age, gender and socioeconomic and cultural distribution, in urban and rural places in Australia

Demographics: Refers to the characteristics of a population, such as their age, gender, ethnic or cultural background and socio-economic status

 Briefly cover waves of migration to Australia. Chain migration: Migrants are more likely

to move to places where their relatives or people they know have moved. Cultural Distribution: Migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds are more likely to locate in larger urban areas compared to those from English speaking backgrounds.

 Rural places have attracted migrants with skills that can be applied to the land uses

that are found in the area. E.g. The market gardening region around Geraldton has attracted a significant Vietnamese community.

 https://www.abs.gov.au/

Data by region

https://www.abs.gov.au/

Age and Gender

2019 WACE Exam.



With specific reference to the June 2006 population pyramid, describe one difference in the age and sex distributions between the capital cities and the rest of Australia. (2 marks.)



With specific reference to the June 2006 and June 2017 population pyramids, describe one change that has occurred between 2006 and 2017 in the distribution of the population in the 20 to 34-year-old age groups. (2 marks.)

Overview of Places and their Challenges

Challenges facing Places:

 an overview of the challenges facing rural and remote places in Australia, including

Indigenous communities. Challenges include: population loss, economic restructuring, employment, housing, service and water provision, concentrations of socially vulnerable populations, social inclusion and exclusion, transportation, resource degradation, land use conflicts, declining political influence, isolation and remoteness, fly-in/fly-out work patterns.

 an overview of the challenges facing megacities and Australian metropolitan and

regional centres. Challenges include: housing, economic restructuring, employment, transportation, congestion, environmental degradation, waste management, personal safety, land abandonment, urban sprawl, socio-spatial inequality, social inclusion and exclusion, changing demographics.

Overview of Challenges facing Rural Areas.

Rural areas: A settlement of less than 1000 people, that is associated with Primary Industries (Farming, Forestry, Fishing and Mining.) A remote and isolated community is one that either is a long distance from highly populated settlements or lacks transportation links that are typical in more populated areas.

 Briefly define each of the challenges.  Named example of a place affected, or

statistics etc.

 Look more closely at 3 of the challenges.

Overview of Challenges facing cities

 A Megacity is a large metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million

people.

 A Metropolitan area is a region with a densely populated urban core surrounded by

less densely populated suburbs. (In Australia, typically contain over 100,000 people.)

 Large regional towns are typically towns with a population of over 10,000 people, that

are found away from the capital cities and provide goods and services to the surrounding regions.

 Briefly define the challenge or explain why it is a challenge.  Give a named example of a place affected by the challenge – Perth/regional centre or

mega city.

 Students will go on to look at four of these challenges in greater detail in the depth

study.

Urban Sprawl

Everything’s bigger in America, Especially Urban Sprawl.

 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smar

t-news/everythings-bigger-in-america- especially-urban-sprawl-180948189/

Depth Studies

Extended Response Exam Questions.

 Students need to know the chosen depth studies in enough detail to be able to

complete at least an 8 mark extended response answer.

 4-5 weeks for each depth study.  Depth Study 1: Perth or a Regional Centre.  Perth and Peel @ 3.5 million.  Depth Study 2: A Megacity - New York, Tokyo, Jakarta…  OneNYC.  Syllabus dot point - the range of planning strategies used to address each of the two

selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in other world megacities

 Need alternatives.

Depth Study 1

Using fieldwork and/or secondary sources, students investigate significant related challenges in either metropolitan Perth or a regional urban centre in Western Australia and how these challenges are being addressed. For the purpose of this unit, a regional urban centre is a place large enough to support a school with Year 12 students. For the selected place, students study:

 the site, situation, internal and external morphology and functions  the demographics

Depth Study 1

Students study four of the following challenges:



housing



economic restructuring



employment



transportation



congestion



environmental degradation



waste management



personal safety



land abandonment



urban sprawl



socio-spatial inequality



social inclusions and exclusions



changing demographics

in order to investigate:

• the nature, scope and causes of each of the four

selected challenges being confronted, and the implication for the place

• the views and attitudes of major stakeholder

groups related to each of the four selected challenges

• the range of planning strategies that have been

used to address each of the four selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in

• ther places, both inside and outside Australia
• the extent to which the planning strategies

adopted in the selected place have been, or could be, informed by the concept of sustainability

• the strategies adopted in the selected place to

address these challenges

• the extent to which these strategies have

enhanced its sustainability and liveability.

Two in more detail and two in less detail. Take care with transportation and congestion!

Depth Study 2

Using fieldwork and/or secondary sources, students investigate two significant challenges faced in one megacity. For the selected megacity, students study:

 the site, situation, internal and external morphology and functions  the demographics

Depth Study 2

Students study two of the following challenges:



housing



economic restructuring



employment



transportation



congestion



environmental degradation



waste management



personal safety



land abandonment



urban sprawl



socio-spatial inequality



social inclusion and exclusion



changing demographics

in order to investigate:

• The nature, scope and causes of each of the two

selected challenges being addressed, and the implications for the selected megacity

• the range of planning strategies used to address

each of the two selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in other world megacities

• the extent to which the planning strategies

adopted in the selected megacity have been, or could be, informed by the concept of sustainability

• the strategies adopted in the selected megacity

to address these challenges

• the extent to which these strategies have

enhanced the sustainability and liveability of the selected megacity.

Only 2 challenges. Do not need to know stakeholders' views.

Site and Situation

 Site - Physical characteristics of the land on

which a feature is located. Influences a places external morphology.

 Situation – Location of a settlement in

relation to other significant cultural and physical features. Can also influence external morphology.

https://theprovince.com/travel/international- travel/walking-the-5-boroughs-of-new-york-city

Site and Situation

Situation:

 Perth – Latitude 31o 57’12” S

Longitude 115o 51’25” E

 New York – Latitude 40o 42’52” N

Longitude 74o 0’23” W Site:

 Perth – Is sited on the Swan coastal plain, which is

sandy and gently undulating. The land is between sea level and approx. 60 MASL

 New York – Is sited on the Atlantic coastal plain

which is generally flat. It is built upon a collection

• f islands – Manhattan, Staten and Long island.

https://shop.hemamaps.com/produ cts/perth-region-laminated

Internal and External Morphology; Functions

 Internal Morphology – Land uses and transport

patterns you see within the urban area.

 External Morphology – Overall shape and extent of

the boundary of an urban area.

https://shop.hemamaps.com/produ cts/perth-region-laminated

Internal and External Morphology; Functions

External morphology

 Perth: Semi-Stellate in shape (Swan-Canning river

system,) Indian Ocean to the West, Darling Escarpment to the East. Internal Morphology

 Start to look at functional zones.  CBD, IMZ, ERZ, NGZ, IZ, RUF

, OBD, SPZ.

 Named examples, characteristics, demographics.  Could be completed as a table, or students as teachers

task.

Blockposters.com

Internal and External Morphology; Functions

External morphology

 New York: Manhattan is linear, seen along 21.6km length of

the island. Expansion after bridges and tunnels were built. Internal Morphology

 New York: 1811 Commissioners’ Plan established grid of

North-South avenues and East-West streets. Most obvious in Manhattan but also seen in other boroughs of NY .

 Functional Zones: CBD, IMZ, Residential Zones, OBD, SPZ,

IZ, RUF .

 Exam Question: WACE 2017. Describe the site and internal

morphology of a megacity. (8 marks)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners%27 _Plan_of_1811#/media/File:NYC-GRID-1811.png

Demographics: Perth

Australian Bureau of Statistics.

 Population overall: 2,039,193

(ABS.com.au)

 Compare percentages of the

population under the age of 14 with those over the age of 65.

 Population pyramid comparing

Perth with the rest of WA.

 Could look at ethnic

clustering.

https://quickstats.censusdata.abs. gov.au/census_services/getproduct /census/2016/quickstat/SSC51218

Demographics: NYC

US Census Bureau.

 Population overall: 8,398,748

(https://www.census.gov/quickfa cts/newyorkcitynewyork)

 Compare percentages of the

population under the age of 14 with those over the age of 65.

 Population pyramids showing age

and gender.

 GAWA text book page 276-279,

including poverty.

 Could look at ethnic clustering.

New York Demographics tasks:

https://projects.newyorker.com/story/subway/

https://www.nydailynews.com/new- york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews- new-study-finds-article-1.1100080 Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds 2012

The nature, scope and causes of each of the four selected challenges being confronted, and the implication for the place

Ensure that students know the difference between the different terms.

 Nature – The characteristics of the problem. Traffic congestion occurs when the flow

• f vehicles along a road is slowed.

 Scope – Rate and extent of the issue.  Causes – Why does it happen.  Implications – What are the results.  Some cross over between nature and scope.  Students should cover each as a separate paragraph in an extended response.

The nature, scope and causes of each of the four/two selected challenges being confronted, and the implication for the place

Traffic congestion. Perth:

 Scope: Traffic congestion occurs in Perth between 7am-9am, and 4pm-6pm.  Causes: Approx. 125,000 people converge on the CBD every week day.  Implications: The cost of traffic congestion is estimated to be $2 billion per

year for Perth. New York:

 Scope: Traffic moves less then 20 km p/h during peak periods.  Causes: Each weekday there are 3.6 million round trips into Manhattan – one

third in cars, trucks or taxis.

 Implications: Many social, economic and environmental.

The views and attitudes of major stakeholder groups related to each of the four selected challenges

Stakeholders: a person or group of people with a vested interest in the issue. DS1 ONLY . Do not need to cover this dot point for DS2.

 The views only relate to the challenge, not the strategies.  Housing: First home buyers.  Economic restructuring and employment: The unemployed, Government

agencies such as WAPC and industry leading businesses.

 Transportation and congestion: Public transport users or car drivers.  Environmental degradation and urban sprawl: Urban Bushland Council

WA.

The range of planning strategies that have been used to address each of the four selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in other places, both inside and outside Australia Perth:

 Use planning documents. While these are frameworks for the future, they are starting to

be implemented.

 Directions 2031 and Beyond (2010) and Perth and Peel @ 3.5 million (2016) Cover lots of

different areas.

 Metronet: Traffic and transport.  Waste - Perth's first waste action plan was called 'Creating the Right Environment,' but this

was replaced in early 2019 by the 'Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Strategy 2030.’

Perth and Peel @ 3.5 million: Vision

Metronet: Ellenbrook train line

The range of planning strategies used to address each of the two selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in other places

Waste comparisons:

 Compare with South Australia – container deposit scheme, in place since 1977.  Singapore – Waste to energy scheme: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/singapore-

waste-energy-garbage-landfill-space-2018-11?r=US&IR=T

 To save time – compare with your megacity?

The range of planning strategies used to address each of the two selected challenges, and how these compare with, and/or have been informed by, responses implemented in other world megacities New York:

 One New York: Vision for a Just

and Equitable, Sustainable and Resilient City.

 Congestion charging recently

introduced. Comparisons:

 Congestion charging in London  Bike sharing in Paris  Car sharing lanes in the UK

One New York (OneNYC) PlaNYC - 2007 OneNYC - 2015

The extent to which the planning strategies adopted in the selected place have been, or could be, informed by the concept of sustainability

Sustainability:

 Meeting the needs of current and future generations through simultaneous

environmental, social and economic adaptation and improvement.

Problem

Traffic congestion on main roads between Ellenbrook and Perth

Solution

Metronet: Trainline to Ellenbrook

Sustainability?

Public transport is more sustainable than private car use. Economically more viable for passengers, environmentally releases less GHGs into the atmosphere.

The strategies adopted in the selected place to address these challenges

For Perth and New York:

 Discuss strategies that have already been implemented.  Housing: First Home buyers grant.  Transport: Forrestfield Airport Link.  Urban Sprawl: Zoning, Rezoning, Infilling and Consolidation (Directions 2031.)  Congestion: Tonkin Highway improvements and extensions.

The extent to which these strategies have enhanced its sustainability and liveability

Liveability:

 The quality of space and the built environment. The concept of liveability has been

linked to a range of factors, for example, quality of life, health, sense of safety, access to services, cost of living, comfortable living standards, mobility and transport, air quality and social participation.

 Need to ensure that all aspects of

sustainability are discussed in an exam answer: Economic, Environmental and Social.

 Liveability is subjective.

Exam Questions:

WACE 2019

 To answer this question, refer to both a planning strategy adopted to address one

challenge facing either metropolitan Perth or a regional urban centre in Western Australia and a planning strategy adopted to address one challenge facing a megacity.

 B) Assess the extent to which these strategies have enhanced the sustainability and

liveability of these places. (12 marks.)

 To answer this question, refer to both a planning strategy adopted to address one

challenge facing either metropolitan Perth or a regional urban centre in Western Australia and a planning strategy adopted to address one challenge facing a megacity.

 B) Evaluate the extent to which these strategies have been, or could be, informed by

the concept of sustainability. (12 marks.)

Possible fieldwork

 Housing: House price or rental property price transect through the city or along a

railway line.

 Transport: Passenger count on the train at different stops during rush hour.  Congestion: Use Google Maps to route plan journeys by car into Perth CBD at rush hour

and other times of the day.

 Urban sprawl: Survey along a street of the number of blocks that have been

subdivided.

 Waste management: Tamala Park or Red Hills Waste Centre host excursions.  Land Abandonment: Redeveloped areas of the city, such as Claisebrook Cove.

Assessments.

 Practical Skills assessments – use past GAWA or WACE exams and corresponding maps.  Geographical Inquiry and Validation.  Extended response assessments for Depth Study topics.  Exam.  Short answer and source work assessments on overview content.  Fieldwork on Perth.  Geographical Inquiry for Megacity.

Any Questions?

Thank You for Listening.