x86 introduction
play

x86 Introduction Philipp Koehn 25 October 2019 Philipp Koehn - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 15, 2024 •172 likes •433 views

x86 Introduction Philipp Koehn 25 October 2019 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019 x86 1 Yet another processor architecture... Why do we care? x86 is the dominant chip in todays

  1. x86 Introduction Philipp Koehn 25 October 2019 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  2. x86 1 • Yet another processor architecture... • Why do we care? • x86 is the dominant chip in today’s computers (Mac, Windows, Linux) – 100 million chips sold per year – $5 billion annual development budget • We will focus on C programs get compiled into x86 machine code Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  3. 2 history Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  4. 8086 3 • 16-bit processer released in 1978 by Intel • 8 16-bit internal registers, 20-bit address bus • Ahead of its time, too expensive, slow sales • 8-bit processors dominated the market Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  5. 8088 4 • Scaled down version of 8068 • 8-bit data bus instead of 16-bit • But looked the same from programmer’s perspective • Clock speed 4.77 MHz • Chosen by IBM for its PC, released 1981 – IBM PC for sale for $1,265 ($3,360 in 2016 dollars) – Apple ][ for sale for $1,355 ($3,599 in 2016 dollars) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  6. 80286 5 • Released by intel in 1981, used in IBM AT in 1984 • More instructions, e.g., support for multi-tasking • Faster – clock speed 4.77 MHz → 6 MHz – average number of cycles per instructions 12 → 4.5 • Downward compatible: "real" mode vs. "protected" mode Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  7. 386 6 • Released in 1985, in computers late 1986, popular until early 1990s • 32-bit processor, but downward compatible to 286, 8086 • Virtual real mode – allows different processes use different parts of memory – crashes do not affect whole systems → true multi-tasking Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  8. 486 7 • Up to 120 MHz • Average number of cycles per instructions 4 → 2 • Internal L1 cache (hit ratio 90-95%) • Burst memory (after initial load, 12 bytes transfered in 1 cycle) • Internal math co-processor • Enabled graphical user interfaces ("Windows") Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  9. 586 (Pentium) 8 • 75-266 MHz • 2 data paths: can execute 2 instructions in parallel • 2 internal caches: instruction and data Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  10. And so on... 9 • 1995 Pentium Pro: Conditional move instruction • 1997 Pentium MMX: Instructions for 64 bit vectors of integers • 1999 Pentium III: Instructions for 128 bit vectors of floats • 2000 Pentium 4: Double precision floating point • 2004 Pentium 4E: 64 bit, hyper-threading of 2 processes in parallel • 2006 Core 2: Multiple cores on chip • 2008 Core i7: 4 cores × 2 hyperthreading • 2011 Core i7: 256 bit vector instructions Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  11. Today: Intel Xeon Platinum 8180M 10 • 28 cores, 56 threads • 2.5-3.8 GHz • 38.5 MB Cache (L1, L2, L3) • Can address 1.5 TB RAM • Uses 205 Watt • List price $8399 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  12. 11 architecture Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  13. RISC vs. CISC 12 • RISC = Reduced Instruction Set Computer, e.g., MIPS – instructions follow simple pattern – for instance: no memory lookup and ALU operation in same instruction – allows for compact design and pipelining • CISC = Complex Instruction Set Computer, e.g., x86 – instructions of different complexity and length (1-15 bytes) – some very complex: vector operations on floats – complexities, but were increasingly addressed with more hardware (Intel Xeon Platinum 8180M processors have 8 billion transistors) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  14. 8 Registers 13 • 4 general purpose registers: AX, BX, CX, DX (16 bit) • Stack pointer: SP • Base pointer: BP • Address registers: SI, DI • 8 bit registers: AH/AL, BH/BL, CH/CL, DH/DL • 32 bit registers: prefix with "E", e.g., EAX • 64 bit registers: prefix with "R", e.g., RAX 8 additional registers added (R8-R15) • Additional floating point registers: ST(0)-ST(7) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  15. Operands 14 • As in 6502, operands can be registers and memory locations • For instance addition – add EAX, EBX xxx; add two registers – add EAX, 42 xxxx; add value 42 to register value – add EAX, [ff02] ; add value from memory location ff02 to register – add [ff02], EAX ; as above, store result in memory – add [ff02], 20 x; add 20 to value stored in memory location ff02 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  16. Addressing Modes 15 • Addressing modes similar to 6502 – mov [ff02], EAXxxxx; load from address ff02 – mov [ESP], EAXxxxxx; load from address specified in register ESP – mov [ESP+40], EAXxx; address is register value + 40 – mov [ESP+EBX], EAX ; address is sum of register values • To deal with different data sizes: scaled index – mov [60+EDI*4], EAXxxxxxx; scale index register value – mov [60+EDI*4+EBX], EAXxx; scale index register, add base Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  17. Data Sizes 16 • Operations work on 8, 16, 32, or 64 bit data sizes • Examples – add AH, BLxxxxx; 8 bit – add AX, BXxxxxx; 16 bit – add AX, -1xxxxx; 16 bit (-1 = ffff) – add EAX, EBXxxx; 32 bit – add EAX, -1xxxx; 16 bit (-1 = ffffffff) – add RAX, RBXxxx; 64 bit Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  18. Data Types 17 C Intel type Assembly suffix Bytes char byte b 1 short word w 2 int double word l 4 long quad word q 8 float single precision s 4 double double precision d 8 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  19. Status Flags 18 • Same kind of status flags as 6502 – CF: carry flag – ZF: zero flag – SF: sign flag – OF: overflow flag • Used in conditional branches – jz: jump if zero – jc: jump if carry Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  20. 19 instructions Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  21. Data Movement 20 • Just one command: mov • Used for – load – store – transfer between registers – copy from memory to memory Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  22. Stack Operations 21 • Basic stack operations – push: place value on stack – pop: retrieve value from stack • Jumps – call: call a subroutine (store return address on stack) – ret: return from sub routine Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  23. Arithmetic and Logic 22 • Basic math: add, sub, mul, div, neg • Counter: inc, dec • Boolean: and, or, xor, not • Shift: shl, shr Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  24. Control 23 • Compare two values: cmp • Test (Boolean and): test • Map flags to register: setz, setnz, ... • Jump: jmp • Branch: jz, jnz, ... • Conditional move: cmovz, cmovnz, ... Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  25. Code Example: Fibonacci 24 • Note: 32 bit indicated by – l (long int) in instructions: movl – extended register names: %eax, %ebx, %ecx, %edx movl $0, %ebx ; ebx = secondlast = 1 movl $1, %eax ; eax = last = 0 loop: cmp $0, %ecx ; %ecx is input value n jne end ; if n != 0 loop movl %eax, %edx ; tmp = last add %edx, %ebx ; tmp += secondlast movl %ebx, %eax ; shift last -> secondlast movl %edx, %ebx ; shift tmp -> last dec %ecx ; n = n - 1 jmp loop end: Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

  26. Vector Operations 25 • 128 bit allows encoding of 4 single precision floats (32 bit each) • Instructions that – load vector of 4 floats into memory – multiply each element of a vector – store vector of 4 floats • Example movups %xmm0,[%ebx+%ebx] ; loads 4 floats in first register (xmm0) movups %xmm1,[%eax+%ebx] ; loads 4 floats in second register (xmm1) mulps %xmm0,%xmm1 ; multiplies both vector registers movups [%eax+%ebx],%xmm0 ; write back the result to memory Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: x86 Introduction 25 October 2019

Download Presentation
Download Policy: The content available on the website is offered to you 'AS IS' for your personal information and use only. It cannot be commercialized, licensed, or distributed on other websites without prior consent from the author. To download a presentation, simply click this link. If you encounter any difficulties during the download process, it's possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.

Recommend

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

TRAINING COURSE ON SOCIAL PROTECTION & FORMALIZATION TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO MARCH 15, 2017 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Design of the NIS Assistance from the

547 views • 23 slides
INTRODUCTION Introduction 2/42 INTRODUCTION Alternations I am giving bread to the

INTRODUCTION Introduction 2/42 INTRODUCTION Alternations I am giving bread to the

Patterns of variation in the expression of case and agreement Andrs Brny Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 9 November 2019, BaSIS Workshop a.barany@hum.leidenuniv.nl INTRODUCTION Introduction 2/42 INTRODUCTION

1.37k views • 42 slides
Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Outline Motivation Failures

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Outline Motivation Failures

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Outline Motivation Failures Definition and concepts Process and product properties Principles SE Approaches Motivation Software and the economy The economies of

1.03k views • 49 slides
Introduction Introduction Introduction Nationwide Cause for Concern 1

Introduction Introduction Introduction Nationwide Cause for Concern 1

Introduction Introduction Introduction Nationwide Cause for Concern 1 https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats17/infographic.htm Introduction Epidemiology in Western Colorado CPHE Surveillance Data Report, May 2018 Chlamydia Epidemiology in Western

977 views • 39 slides
DAQ introduction Purpose of this talk : (1) Introduction for those who have not been in every

DAQ introduction Purpose of this talk : (1) Introduction for those who have not been in every

DAQ introduction Purpose of this talk : (1) Introduction for those who have not been in every meeting (2) Some ideas of diagrams for section 7.1 (Introduction) of TP. Giles Barr 25 Jan 2018, Pembroke College On DUNE, the reality is there is a

474 views • 10 slides
INTRODUCTION cf. Schneider, Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION THEY ARE OUT TO GET YOU INTRODUCTION WHAT

INTRODUCTION cf. Schneider, Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION THEY ARE OUT TO GET YOU INTRODUCTION WHAT

ADVANCED COMPUTER SECURITY INTRODUCTION cf. Schneider, Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION THEY ARE OUT TO GET YOU INTRODUCTION WHAT IS SECURITY? A systems security policies describe What the system is supposed to do Store and provide access

479 views • 16 slides
Overview Introduction to SMIL Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL

Overview Introduction to SMIL Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL

Overview Introduction to SMIL Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL Writing a SMIL file Adding Media Objects Martin Halvey Clipping media files January 2008 Timing and Synchronising Layout World Wide

387 views • 14 slides
14 Introduction Introduction Bad guys can put malware into Example: hosts

14 Introduction Introduction Bad guys can put malware into Example: hosts

Introduction Introduction source Encapsulation ISO/OSI reference model message M application segment H t H t M transport network datagram H n H n H t M presentation: allow applications to frame link H l H n H t M interpret

583 views • 4 slides
Previous Lecture Introduction to SMIL 2 Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL

Previous Lecture Introduction to SMIL 2 Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL

Previous Lecture Introduction to SMIL 2 Introduction to W3C and XML Introduction to SMIL Writing a SMIL file Adding Media Objects Martin Halvey Clipping media files January 2008 Timing and Synchronising Layout

322 views • 8 slides
Lecture 1 Andreas Habegger Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq PS vs. PL

Lecture 1 Andreas Habegger Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq PS vs. PL

Introduction Zynq Lecture 1 Andreas Habegger Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq Introduction Zynq PS vs. PL Processing System Processor Peripherals Data Buses AXI Bus Conclusion BTE5380 - Embedded Systems Octobre 2014 Andreas Habegger

1.81k views • 30 slides
2018.06 01 SMILE5 Introduction S E 5 02 Alpha Cloud M I L 03 Company Introduction 04

2018.06 01 SMILE5 Introduction S E 5 02 Alpha Cloud M I L 03 Company Introduction 04

2018.06 01 SMILE5 Introduction S E 5 02 Alpha Cloud M I L 03 Company Introduction 04 Project References S E 5 PART.1 SMILE5 Introduction M I L Introduction STORION-SMILE5 Residential Energy Storage System Inverter 5kW Output Input

1.06k views • 25 slides
Introduction to CICS Course introduction Course introduction What is CICS? What is an

Introduction to CICS Course introduction Course introduction What is CICS? What is an

Introduction to CICS Course introduction Course introduction What is CICS? What is an application server? Why use an application server? Course introduction Services provided by CICS How CICS applications are defined Scaling CICS to meet

1.84k views • 146 slides
Network Visualization Introduction Presented by Shahed Introduction Introduction Basic

Network Visualization Introduction Presented by Shahed Introduction Introduction Basic

Network Visualization Introduction Presented by Shahed Introduction Introduction Basic building blocks Node Links (relationship between nodes) Spatial information Network data

584 views • 9 slides
Introduction Introduction (1) Main argument of the paper: universities are not only

Introduction Introduction (1) Main argument of the paper: universities are not only

Le jugement des pairs comme outil de management des universits Peer-review as a management tool Christine Musselin (CSO, Sciences Po et CNRS) Avril 2013, Lirrsistible ascension du capitalisme acadmique Introduction Introduction (1)

590 views • 28 slides
Introduction Introduction to storage and to storage and filesystems filesystems Introduction

Introduction Introduction to storage and to storage and filesystems filesystems Introduction

Moreno Baricevic Gilberto Daz Axel Kohlmeyer Stefano Cozzini ULA ICTP CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS Merida, VENEZUELA Trieste, ITALY Trieste, ITALY Introduction Introduction to storage and to storage and filesystems filesystems Introduction

1.19k views • 51 slides
JABLOTRON JA-100 introduction November 2011 Introduction Todays goals First introduction of

JABLOTRON JA-100 introduction November 2011 Introduction Todays goals First introduction of

JABLOTRON JA-100 introduction November 2011 Introduction Todays goals First introduction of the brand new JA-100 alarm system Visions Basic architecture System components Setting Help us with final validations You are the FIRST ones

1.69k views • 111 slides
Multi-Resolution Method for Ray Tracing Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL:

Multi-Resolution Method for Ray Tracing Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL:

Multi-Resolution Method for Ray Tracing Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL: http://jupiter.kaist.ac.kr/~sungeui/SGA/ At the Previous Class Studied LOD techniques for rasterization 2 Goal Perform an interactive ray tracing of

550 views • 43 slides
Multi-Resolution Techniques Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL:

Multi-Resolution Techniques Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL:

Multi-Resolution Techniques Sung-Eui Yoon ( ) Course URL: http://jupiter.kaist.ac.kr/~sungeui/SGA/ At the Previous Class The overview of the course Culling techniques 2 Problems Even after visibility culling we can

797 views • 59 slides
UMBC L A N R Y D A B M A L F T U M B C I 1 O M O Y T R

UMBC L A N R Y D A B M A L F T U M B C I 1 O M O Y T R

428 views • 13 slides
Overview Overview l Introduction l Background l Ingredients for a Level-Of-Detail (LOD) model l

Overview Overview l Introduction l Background l Ingredients for a Level-Of-Detail (LOD) model l

Level-Of-Detail (LOD) Data Structures for Level-Of-Detail (LOD) Data Structures for Tetrahedral Meshes Tetrahedral Meshes Leila De Floriani Leila De Floriani University of Maryland, College Park (USA) and University of Genova, Genova (Italy)

1.11k views • 37 slides
Disclosures Sepsis: Diagnosis and Treatment Allergan research grant Genentech

Disclosures Sepsis: Diagnosis and Treatment Allergan research grant Genentech

Disclosures Sepsis: Diagnosis and Treatment Allergan research grant Genentech research grant Henry F. Chambers, MD Scope of the problem In theory 2-3 cases per 100 admissions there is no difference A leading cause

346 views • 13 slides
Outline Concepts T aint analysis on the x86 architecture T aint objects and

Outline Concepts T aint analysis on the x86 architecture T aint objects and

Outline Concepts T aint analysis on the x86 architecture T aint objects and instructions Advanced tainting References Motivation The motivation for this research came from the following questions: Is it possible to

702 views • 46 slides
A Fully A Fu lly GPU GPU-Based Based Ou Out-Of Of- ology Con Co Core e App pproac oach

A Fully A Fu lly GPU GPU-Based Based Ou Out-Of Of- ology Con Co Core e App pproac oach

ence ce eren Confer A Fully A Fu lly GPU GPU-Based Based Ou Out-Of Of- ology Con Co Core e App pproac oach h to to Ha Handle ndle h, Germany many hnolog Oct 2018 2018 La Large e Volume olume Da Data ta echn Munich,

678 views • 52 slides
MODEL REPRESENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms

MODEL REPRESENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms

Graphics & Visualization Chapter 6 MODEL REPRESENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 6 Introduction 3D scenes in graphics are composed of various shapes

665 views • 40 slides

More recommend