WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment i-STUTE cooling based - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment

i-STUTE cooling based projects WP2.1. and WP2.2 Supermarket refrigeration Cost of ownership – Judith Evans, Alan Foster and Deborah Andrews WP2.3 . Data centres – Gareth Davies Carbon/ Integration WP2.4. Transport refrigeration energy – Christina Francis, Gareth Davies, Judith Evans and Graeme Maidment WP2.5. Integrated heating and cooling – Akos Revesz, Issa Chaer and Graeme Materials, resources & Maidment waste

WP 2.1 and 2.2 Retail refrigeration Background • 40-70% of energy in supermarkets used for refrigeration • UK retail refrigeration ~ 9-10 TWh/year – ~75% chilled, ~25% frozen • 1.5% of UK energy used by retail • ~7.3 Mt CO2 (~26% direct, ~74% indirect) • Temperature control, carbon emissions increase at consumer end of cold chain Deliverables • Refrigeration road map • State of the art display cabinet 1 http://www.igd.com/index.asp?id=1&fid=1&sid=7&tid=26&cid=941

WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially investigated and sifted WPs • WP2.1.2 – In parallel with WP2.1 technologies will be investigated with a proof of concept prototype • WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing uptake, will be assessed ie customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit, incentives • WP2.1.4 – A trial of the prototype in-store with ASDA

• WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially investigated and sifted • WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing uptake, will be assessed ie customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit, incentives • Update of retail road map to identify best technologies – Retrofit (technologies that can be fitted in situ to a cabinet) – Refit (technologies that can be applied when refitting store) – Future technologies (technologies available in the future)

WP 2.1.1 Technologies • 77 technologies evaluated • Each technology at least 2-3 days of assessment – Peer reviewed literature – Commercial information – Personal contacts and internal information • All developed into a short review (between 2-10 pages) 1. Absorption 30. Frigesco defrost 54. Radiant heat reflectors 2. Adsorption 31. Ground source 55. Re-commissioning 3. Aircell 32. Heat pipes and spot cooling 56. Reflective packaging 4. Air curtain optimisation 33. HFO refrigerants 57. Refrigerant change to R407A 5. Anti fogging glass 34. High efficiency compressors 58. Refrigeration system contamination 6. Anti-frost evaporators 35. High efficiency evaporators and 59. Riser or weir plate 7. Anti-sweat heater controls condensers 60. Secondary systems 8. Back panel flow 36. Hydrocarbons (chilled integrals) 61. Set-point 9. Borehole condensing 37. Hydrocarbons (frozen integrals) 62. Stirling Cycle variations 10. Cabinet lighting (non LED) 38. Insulation e.g. VIPs (Vacuum insulated 63. Store dehumidification 11. Cabinet location panels) 64. Store light (LED and fluorescent) 12. Cabinet selection 39. LED lights 65. Store light (natural) 13. Centralised air distribution 40. Liquid pressure amplification 66. Store temperature 14. Centrifugal fans 41. Loading – duration 67. Strip curtains 15. Cleaning and maintenance 42. Loading – temperature 68. Suction liquid heat exchanger (SLHE) 16. CO2 refrigeration technology 43. Magnetic refrigeration 69. Suction pressure control 17. Condenser fans 44. Nanoparticles 70. Supermarket cold store 18. Correct cabinet loading volume 45. Night blinds 71. Tangential fans 19. Covers 46. Novel building fabric 72. Thermionic Refrigeration - Borealis chip 20. Defrost controls 47. Occupancy sensors and controls - cabinet 73. Training 21. Desuperheating/heat recovery lighting 74. Ultrasonic de-icing 22. Doors on cabinets 48. Occupancy sensors and controls – doors 75. Variable speed drives (integral) 23. Dual/ triple air curtains 49. Off cycle losses 76. Vending cabinet concepts 24. Dynamic demand 50. Pipe insulation/rifling/reduced pressure 77. Water loop systems 25. Economisers drops 26. Electronic expansion valves (EEVs) 51. Polygeneration 27. Evaporative condensers 52. Pulsed electrical thermal de-icers 28. Evaporator fan motors 53. R134a used in medium temperature 29. Floating head pressure (chilled) refrigeration pack

WP 2.1.1 Technologies • Technologies assesses in summary table • Direct emissions, indirect energy use, energy savings fed into mathematical model of a supermarket • Assess total energy and CO 2e savings Quality of information 5 independent peer review papers in general agreement = 5* 3 independent peer review papers in general agreement =4* General agreement between Independent reports or 1 peer reviewed publication=3* General agreement between Web based and sales literature =2* Personal communication only = 1* Barriers to staff/customers H/M/L, Possible barriers Availability barriers H/M/L, Possible barriers Limits to commercial maturity H/M/L Ease of use of installation H/M/L Technology independence Impact/interactions Maintainability H/M/L Legislative concerns Possible barriers Energy savings kWh/year/% Scope of application Where can be applied Direct emissions 0% Cost (payback) Years

WP 2.1.1 Technologies • Baseline supermarket – ASDA Weston-Super-Mare – Typical middle range supermarket – Additional information on costs /paybacks from contractors • Issues with obtaining detailed information on baseline store • Information promised in next few weeks • Can then generate MACs

WP 2.1.1 Technologies • Mapping of individual technologies whilst waiting for information from ASDA (energy saving-application time) • Not an indicator of cost effectiveness • Indicates technologies that have highest individual savings (but may not be highest saving when applied to the representative supermarket)

WP 2.1 Deliverables • Reports on technologies being prepared • MACs developed from model of supermarket (when data from ASDA provided) by Dec 2014 • Highest ranking technologies applied to prototype – most likely: by Dec 2014 – Cabinet: Doors - LED lights - ECM fan motors - Occupancy sensors – SLHE - Anti frost evaporator – Novel defrosts - Insulation – Refrigeration: Floating head pressure – Ground cooling - Changing refrigerant - Suction pressure control - ECM condenser fans – LPA - Evaporative condensers • Commence cabinet modifications April 2015 • Conference paper for IRC, Yokohama August 2015 • Peer reviewed paper on technological options – August 2015

WP2.2 Retail chilling and freezing [2 nd Wave project, Judith Evans, LSBU] Rationale : WP2.1 will be extended into a 2 nd Wave project Air curtain – 1C investigating more fundamental concepts of retail display and their applicability in the longer term. 30 mm Challenge: to challenge the concept of the retail display Air flow cabinet, specifically from a fundamental aesthetic, ergonomic and energy use perspectives. Objectives/ Deliverables: To deliver a new concept in RDC that has 1/10 of the existing energy consumption Carbon Impact potential: 12 million tonnes of carbon in energy alone Pathway to impact: as for WP2.1

WP2.3 - Data Centre Cooling Background • Data centres currently account for approx. 2-3% of total electricity consumption in the UK • Typically, approx. 50% of data centre energy is used for cooling and humidification • Currently, the main method used is to circulate chilled, humidified air between the server racks. Typically use a raised floor and hot aisle/cold aisle arrangement. • Limited focus on heat recovery Deliverables • Roadmap/report on cooling • Detailed investigation - integrated cooling, heat recovery and heat transfer. 12

Project Plan • Phase 1 (July 2013 – Oct 2014) – Development of roadmap – review of data centre cooling technologies. Energy/ carbon saving opportunities Tasks: (1) Review of cooling methods currently used in data centre industry (2) Evaluate options for reducing energy used and carbon emissions (3) Future trends in data centre cooling (4) Identify technologies for detailed study/development in second phase of project (5) Report/Review/Roadmap • Phase 2 (Aug 2014 – Sep 2016) – Detailed study of selected technologies Proposed project plan to be presented below 13

Findings from review of data centre cooling (Efficiency of data centres generally reported as PUE (power usage effectiveness) defined as Total Power Usage by Data Centre/ IT Power Usage) • Typical PUE 2 to 2.5 • Recent trend is to adopt free air cooling technology) PUE 1.2 to 1.5. Facilitated by new ASHRAE guidelines for higher operating temperatures • Partial PUEs of <1.1 have also been reported, • A range of liquid cooling technologies with PUEs of <1.2 however has been slow to adopt to date • Large carbon savings available by reusing data centre waste heat to offset original emissions. Use ERE (Energy Reuse Effectiveness) parameter not PUE • Outputs – roadmap/report 14