WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment i-STUTE cooling based - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

Graeme Maidment

i-STUTE cooling based projects

WP2.1. and WP2.2 Supermarket refrigeration – Judith Evans, Alan Foster and Deborah Andrews WP2.3 . Data centres – Gareth Davies WP2.4. Transport refrigeration – Christina Francis, Gareth Davies, Judith Evans and Graeme Maidment WP2.5. Integrated heating and cooling – Akos Revesz, Issa Chaer and Graeme Maidment

Cost of ownership Carbon/ energy Materials, resources & waste Integration

WP 2.1 and 2.2 Retail refrigeration

Background

• 40-70% of energy in supermarkets used for refrigeration
• UK retail refrigeration ~ 9-10 TWh/year

– ~75% chilled, ~25% frozen

• 1.5% of UK energy used by retail
• ~7.3 Mt CO2 (~26% direct, ~74% indirect)
• Temperature control, carbon

emissions increase at consumer end of cold chain Deliverables

• Refrigeration road map
• State of the art display cabinet

WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing

• WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially investigated

and sifted

• WP2.1.2 – In parallel with WP2.1 technologies will be

investigated with a proof of concept prototype

• WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing uptake,

will be assessed ie customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit, incentives

• WP2.1.4 –A trial of the prototype in-store with ASDA

WPs

• WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially

investigated and sifted

• WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing

uptake, will be assessed ie customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit, incentives

• Update of retail road map to identify best

technologies – Retrofit (technologies that can be fitted in situ to a cabinet) – Refit (technologies that can be applied when refitting store) – Future technologies (technologies available in the future)

WP 2.1.1 Technologies

• 77 technologies evaluated
• Each technology at least 2-3 days of assessment

– Peer reviewed literature – Commercial information – Personal contacts and internal information

• All developed into a short review (between 2-10 pages)

WP 2.1.1 Technologies

• Technologies assesses in summary table
• Direct emissions, indirect energy use, energy savings fed

into mathematical model of a supermarket

• Assess total energy and CO2e savings

Quality of information 5 independent peer review papers in general agreement = 5* 3 independent peer review papers in general agreement =4* General agreement between Independent reports or 1 peer reviewed publication=3* General agreement between Web based and sales literature =2* Personal communication only = 1* Barriers to staff/customers H/M/L, Possible barriers Availability barriers H/M/L, Possible barriers Limits to commercial maturity H/M/L Ease of use of installation H/M/L Technology independence Impact/interactions Maintainability H/M/L Legislative concerns Possible barriers Energy savings kWh/year/% Scope of application Where can be applied Direct emissions 0% Cost (payback) Years

WP 2.1.1 Technologies

• Baseline supermarket

– ASDA Weston-Super-Mare – Typical middle range supermarket – Additional information on costs /paybacks from contractors

• Issues with obtaining detailed information on baseline store
• Information promised in next few weeks
• Can then generate MACs

WP 2.1.1 Technologies

• Mapping of individual technologies whilst waiting for

information from ASDA (energy saving-application time)

• Not an indicator of cost effectiveness
• Indicates technologies that have highest individual savings (but

may not be highest saving when applied to the representative supermarket)

WP 2.1 Deliverables

• Reports on technologies being prepared
• MACs developed from model of supermarket

(when data from ASDA provided) by Dec 2014

• Highest ranking technologies applied to prototype

–most likely: by Dec 2014

– Cabinet: Doors - LED lights - ECM fan motors - Occupancy sensors – SLHE - Anti frost evaporator – Novel defrosts - Insulation – Refrigeration: Floating head pressure – Ground cooling - Changing refrigerant - Suction pressure control - ECM condenser fans – LPA - Evaporative condensers

• Commence cabinet modifications April 2015
• Conference paper for IRC, Yokohama August 2015
• Peer reviewed paper on technological options –

August 2015

Rationale: WP2.1 will be extended into a 2nd Wave project investigating more fundamental concepts of retail display and their applicability in the longer term. Challenge: to challenge the concept of the retail display cabinet, specifically from a fundamental aesthetic, ergonomic and energy use perspectives. Objectives/ Deliverables: To deliver a new concept in RDC that has 1/10 of the existing energy consumption Carbon Impact potential: 12 million tonnes of carbon in energy alone Pathway to impact: as for WP2.1

WP2.2 Retail chilling and freezing [2nd Wave project, Judith Evans, LSBU]

30 mm Air flow Air curtain –1C

WP2.3 - Data Centre Cooling

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Background

• Data centres currently account for approx. 2-3%
• f total electricity consumption in the UK
• Typically, approx. 50% of data centre energy is

used for cooling and humidification

• Currently, the main method used is to circulate

chilled, humidified air between the server racks. Typically use a raised floor and hot aisle/cold aisle arrangement.

• Limited focus on heat recovery

Deliverables

• Roadmap/report on cooling
• Detailed investigation - integrated cooling, heat

recovery and heat transfer.

Project Plan

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• Phase 1 (July 2013 – Oct 2014) – Development of roadmap – review
• f data centre cooling technologies. Energy/ carbon saving
• pportunities

Tasks: (1) Review of cooling methods currently used in data centre industry (2) Evaluate options for reducing energy used and carbon emissions (3) Future trends in data centre cooling (4) Identify technologies for detailed study/development in second phase of project (5) Report/Review/Roadmap

• Phase 2 (Aug 2014 – Sep 2016) – Detailed study of selected

technologies Proposed project plan to be presented below

Findings from review of data centre cooling

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(Efficiency of data centres generally reported as PUE (power usage effectiveness) defined as Total Power Usage by Data Centre/ IT Power Usage)

• Typical PUE 2 to 2.5
• Recent trend is to adopt free air cooling technology) PUE 1.2 to 1.5.

Facilitated by new ASHRAE guidelines for higher operating temperatures

• Partial PUEs of <1.1 have also been reported,
• A range of liquid cooling technologies with PUEs of <1.2 however has

been slow to adopt to date

• Large carbon savings available by reusing data centre waste heat to offset
• riginal emissions. Use ERE (Energy Reuse Effectiveness) parameter not

PUE

• Outputs – roadmap/report

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Potential for waste heat recovery from data centres

• Data centres generate very large amounts of heat,

which is transferred to the surroundings

• This waste heat is an energy source and exploited.
• Different technologies produce different

temperature waste heat output streams with different reuse values

• Waste heat uses include: domestic and industrial

space and water heating, district heating, organic Rankine cycle, absorption chiller, desalination, biomass processing, piezoelectrics, thermoelectrics

Waste heat driven absorption chiller Carnot efficiency 5% for waste heat at 65°C

District Heat Networks

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• Currently supply only 2% of heat

demand in UK by district heating

• UK government plans to

substantially expand district heating networks making use of waste heat sources e.g. data centres

• London plans to build a low temperature heat network – supply temperature 70°C

(London Mayor reports, 2012; 2013)

• Data centre waste heat could be upgraded via heat pumps to contribute heat at

this temperature.

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Distribution of heat and temperatures in IT server racks

Source: Intel

Component Proportion

• f total heat

Temperature (°C) Microprocessors 30% 85°C AC/DC convers’n 25% 55°C Memory chips 11% 70°C DC/DC convers’n 10% 50°C Fans 9% 30°C Disk drives 6% 45°C Motherboard 3% 40°C I/O processor 3% 40°C

(Standard IT server, based on Intel data)

Component Proportion

• f total

heat Temperature (°C) Microprocessors 63% 85°C DC/DC convers’n 13% 115°C I/O processor 10% 100°C Others including: memory chips, fans, disk drives, AC/DC convers’n 14% 40°C

(High performance computer (HPC) server, based on IBM data)

• Majority of heat recovered from HPC servers

could be reused directly

• If obtain separate waste heat streams for

standard IT server, some heat could be used directly, but some would need to be upgraded

Data centre cooling approaches and waste heat temperatures

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Water based Waste heat temperature ~50°C Air based (both CRAC and free cooling) Waste heat temperature: ~30°C Refrigerant based Waste heat temperature ~60°C (or 90°C if vapour compression used – however, some input power needed)

Heat pump COPs and savings for a range of waste heat temperatures

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Cooling method % Waste heat Tevap (°C) Tcond (°C) COP Energy saving (MWh) Cost Savings (£) Carbon Savings (tonnes) One stage cycles: Air based 100 30 75 4.2 26,767 £632,667 3,018 Water 41 50 75 7.8 12,356 £397,532 1,853 Pumped Refrigerant 41 60 75 13.0 13,000 £461,996 2,140 Two stage cycles: Water/Air 41/59 50/30 75 5.3 28,282 £784,176 3,693 Pumped Refrigerant/Air 41/59 60/30 75 5.9 28,870 £843,006 3,955

• Initial results from case study based on 3.5 MW data centre
• Assumed savings in cooling and heat recovery comparing standard data centre and

conventional heat generation

Plan for phase 2 of project (1)

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• Mapping of potential data centre heat sources for

district heating network - quantity and quality of heat available.

• Effects of variations in IT load and ambient

temperature on quality of waste heat

• Investigation of heat pump cycles - single stage,

compressor + pump; compressor + thermosyphon

• Model to predict energy, carbon and cost savings for

different thermodynamic cycles and waste heat stream profiles

Plan for phase 2 of project (2)

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• Study of heat transfer enhancement

technologies - review options for high heat flux cooling of electronic devices, chip stacking, porous media, microchannels.

• Model to simulate the performance of

the device under a wide range of

• perating conditions
• Undertake additional studies involving

real applications/implementation of new heat transfer technologies

WP 2.3 Deliverables

• Internal report on cooling of data centres – October

2014

• Report/roadmap of Future technologies with input

from Robert Tozer – March 2015

• Dissemination – paper on data centre waste heat

recovery to be presented to CIBSE technical symposium April 2015 at UCL

• Initial internal heat recovery report – December 2014
• Detailed heat recovery study commences January

2015

Background

• UK primary food distribution by RRT uses 40% more

energy than non-refrigerated vehicles

• Environmental Impact
• Indirect emissions -
• Transportation - 2 Mtonnes of indirect CO2

emissions from the engine alone.

• Refrigeration - ????
• Direct emissions -
• RRT units leak up to 30% of their total

refrigerant charge per year – R404A

• System Durability & Reliability
• Cost

Deliverables

• Development of a model to investigate direct and

indirect emissions

• Optimising system performance

WP2.4 refrigerated road transport (RRT)

Research Plan

• 1. Examine different types RRT vehicle

technologies

• 2. Analyse maintenance and leakage records

to:

a) Identify problematic components/ sources

• f refrigerant leakage

b) Suggest generic solutions for leak tight systems

• 3. Develop a model to;

a) Estimate direct/ indirect carbon emissions b) Evaluate the effectiveness of various concepts

• 4. Measure actual RRT data
• 5. Validate and optimise model
• 6. Industry report & PhD thesis

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Activities Completed

• Application made to the LSBU

Research Ethics Committee for review of ethical issues

• Reviewed existing models applied to

analysis of RRT units (ongoing)

• Continued refrigerant leakage data

analysis (ongoing)

• Refrigerant Leakage Data Analysis
• Review existing models applied to

analysis of RRT units

• Of interest are:

 Coolvan program- Mathematical model  Dymola-Modelica language - Numerical model  Commercial Transport Refrigeration Models such as:  Mistral,  ThermosysTM- Model for Heat Mode & Cool Mode

RRT Prediction Model Platforms

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Simulation Models

Mistral Cool Van Thermosys LCCP Other Models

• 1. Model VCS
• 2. Refrigeration performance
• 3. Switched Modelling
• On/Off Cycling,
• Heat/Cool Model
• 4. Optimize controls for high

performance and efficiency

• 5. Model and Control of

Hybrid VCS

• 1. Predict Mean Food

Temperature

• 2. Simulate Multi-Drop

Deliveries

• 3. Model 3 types of refrigeration

units

• 1. Refrigeration Energy

Consumption and Emissions

• 2. Refrigerant Leaks
• 3. Energy for Manufacturing and

Disposing

• 4. Simulate Climate Performance
• 1. Refrigeration performance
• 2. Model refrigeration system

components

• 3. Dynamic vs. Steady state
• 4. GWP/ Carbon Footprint
• 1. Load Calculations and

Design for containers, trucks and vans

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Project Schedule

W.P. Activities Duration Milestones 2.4.2 Plan Project Research

Nov 2013 - Oct 2014

• LSBU Report – April 2014

2.4.3 Prelim Study & Data Analysis

Jan 2014- Apr 2014

• Brief Industry Report – Feb 2014

2.4.4 Develop Model

May 2014 – July 2015

• Interim Report – Jun/July 2014
• LSBU Report – Oct 2014

2.4.5 Data Collection

Aug 2014- Aug 2015

• Report on Findings – Jan & Jun 2015
• LSBU Report – April 2015

2.4.6 Data Analysis

Aug 2015- Jan 2016

• LSBU Report – Sept 2015
• Demonstrate Model – Dec 2015

2.4.7 Validate & Optimize Model

Jan 2016 – May 2016

• Interim Report – Mar 2016
• Completed Model– May 2016

2.4.8 Compose PhD Thesis

Feb 2016 – Nov 2016

• LSBU Report – June 2016
• Viva – Nov 2016

2.4.9 Compose Industry Report

Jun 2016- Oct 2016

• Final Industry Report– Oct 2016

WP 2.4 Deliverables

• Internal report on leakage - company A – Feb 2014
• Registration document RES2 – June 2014
• Summer school conference June 2014 Poster
• Ethics application July 2014
• Internal report on leakage - company B – August 2014
• Internal report on modelling platforms- August 2014
• Literature review internal report – Oct 2014
• Draft conference paper for submission for the 24th IIR -

ICR 2015

Background

• To investigate the interactions of underground railway tunnels and ground heat exchangers
• To investigate the potential indirect use of waste heat from the tunnels to heat buildings

above ground. Deliverables

• Development of a model
• Case study materials

INTERACTIONS

• 2. Project time line with the key milestones

Stage 1 & 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7

Currently ongoing

• 3. Past achievements and ongoing tasks

Key Activities Stage 2 [Completed]

• Preliminary studies exploration
• On site familiarization with LU
• Initiated evaluation of simulation software
• List key parameters potentially affecting

the interactions between the two systems

• Gathering data
• LSBU - Summer School Conference

Attendance Stage 3 [Ongoing]

• Assessment of the proposed model details

and set the modelling objectives

• Abstract / paper preparation and

submission for an International Congress

7 numerical tools were compared 12 criteria were used for the evaluation

Stage 3: Assessment of the model details [ONGOING]

• Familiarization and initial assessment of the

selected simulation software

• Develop and set the modelling objectives
• Identify suitable validation methods
• Identify available data to support the model
• Identify a list of potential outcomes of the model

February – July 2014 August – December 2014

• 4. Proposed tasks from January 2015

Proposed tasks from January 2015 Start the simulations / modelling of the systems of interests individually Validations after each completed modelling step

WP 2.5 Deliverables

• Internal reports April and July 2014
• Summer school conference June 2014 Poster
• Registration document RES2 – September 2014
• Internal report on modelling platforms- November 2014
• Literature review internal report – Oct 2014
• Draft conference paper for submission for the 24th IIR -

ICR 2015

Questions