World Regional World Regional Geography Geography David Sallee - - PDF document

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EUROPE EUROPE World Regional World Regional Geography Geography David Sallee David Sallee Lesson 4 Lesson 4 SUBDI VI SI ONS OF THE REALM SUBDI VI SI ONS OF THE REALM MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC


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SLIDE 1

1

World Regional World Regional Geography Geography

David Sallee David Sallee

Lesson 4 Lesson 4

EUROPE EUROPE MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES QUALITIES QUALITIES QUALITIES

WESTERN EXTREMITY OF EURASIA LINGERING WORLD INFLUENCE HIGH DEGREES OF SPECIALIZATION MANUFACTURING DOMINANCE NUMEROUS NATION-STATES URBANIZED POPULATION HIGH STANDARDS OF LIVING

SUBDI VI SI ONS OF THE REALM SUBDI VI SI ONS OF THE REALM

Western

Europe

Eastern Europe British Isles Northern

Europe

Mediterranean

Europe

PHYSI CAL PHYSI CAL LANDSCAPES LANDSCAPES

  • Alpine

System

  • Western

Uplands

  • Central

Uplands

  • North

European Lowland R R E E L L A A T T I I V V E E L L O O C C A A T T I I O O N N

  • At the heart of the land

At the heart of the land hemisphere hemisphere

  • Maximum efficiency for contact

Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world with the rest of the world

  • Every part of Europe is close to

Every part of Europe is close to the sea. the sea.

  • Navigable waterways

Navigable waterways

  • Moderate distances

Moderate distances

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SLIDE 2

2 AGRARI AN AGRARI AN REVOLUTI ON REVOLUTI ON

Began in Europe

in the 1750s

Based on new

agricultural innovations

Enabled

increased food production

Enabled

sustained population increase

INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION

  • Developed in the UK

Developed in the UK between 1750 between 1750-

  • 1850

1850

  • Evolved from technical

Evolved from technical innovations that innovations that

  • ccurred in British
  • ccurred in British

industry industry

  • Proved to be a major

Proved to be a major catalyst towards catalyst towards increased increased urbanization urbanization

  • Produced a distinct

Produced a distinct spatial pattern in spatial pattern in Europe Europe

INDUSTR DUSTRIAL REV AL REVOLUTION LUTION INDUSTR DUSTRIAL REV AL REVOLUTION LUTION

  • Movement

Movement across geographic space across geographic space

  • I nvolves contact of people in two or

I nvolves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of more places for the purposes of exchanging exchanging goods or ideas goods or ideas

  • Principles

Principles

– – COMPLEMENTARI TY

COMPLEMENTARI TY

– – TRANSFERABI LI TY

TRANSFERABI LI TY

– – I NTERVENI NG OPPORTUNI TY

I NTERVENI NG OPPORTUNI TY

SPATI AL I NTERACTI ON SPATI AL I NTERACTI ON

  • Two places, through an

Two places, through an exchange exchange of

  • f

goods, can specifically satisfy each goods, can specifically satisfy each

  • ther
  • ther’

’s demands. s demands.

  • One area has a

One area has a surplus surplus of an item

  • f an item

demanded demanded by a by a second area. second area. Germany Italy

COMPLEMENTARI TY COMPLEMENTARI TY

  • The ease with which a commodity may

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost a good at a bearable cost

  • Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road

Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks networks

  • Advances in

Advances in transportation transportation technology technology

TRANSFERABI LI TY TRANSFERABI LI TY

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SLIDE 3

3

  • The presence of a nearer source of

The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites distant sources and sites

I NTEREVENI NG I NTEREVENI NG OPPORTUNI TY

OPPORTUNI TY

P P O O P P U U L L A A T T I I O O N N D D E E N N S S I I T T Y Y Population Density: 265.2 persons per square mile Urbanization: 73% E E U U R R O O P P E E

  • The term is a

The term is a political designation. political designation.

  • Refers to a

Refers to a municipal entity municipal entity that is that is governed governed by some kind of administrative by some kind of administrative

  • rganization
  • rganization
  • The largest cities (especially capitals) are:

The largest cities (especially capitals) are:

– –

the foci of the state the foci of the state

– –

complete microcosms complete microcosms of their national

  • f their national

cultures cultures

CI TI ES CI TI ES

  • A country

A country’ ’s largest city s largest city

  • Jefferson

Jefferson’ ’s criteria: s criteria:

  • Always disproportionately larger than

Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center the second largest urban center --

  • - more

more than twice the size than twice the size

  • Expressive of the national culture

Expressive of the national culture

  • Usually (but not always) the capital

Usually (but not always) the capital

  • Examples:

Examples: Paris, London, Athens Paris, London, Athens

PRI MATE PRI MATE CI TI ES CI TI ES

Similarities

  • Central

core

  • Suburban

ring

EUROPEAN versus AMERI CAN CI TI ES EUROPEAN versus AMERI CAN CI TI ES

Differences

  • High suburban

density

  • Apartments
  • Public

transportation

  • Land scarcity
  • Centralized Urban

planning

EUROPEAN versus AMERI CAN CI TI ES

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SLIDE 4

4

  • Falling share of

Falling share of the world the world’ ’s s population population

  • Fertility at an all

Fertility at an all-

  • time low

time low

  • Fewer young

Fewer young people people

  • Smaller working

Smaller working age age population population

Population of Europe Population of Europe

I nfertility rates 'could I nfertility rates 'could threaten Europe's threaten Europe's population' population'

Population of Europe Population of Europe

  • Population Growth Rate: 0%

Population Growth Rate: 0%

  • Birth Rate: 10 births/ 1,000 population

Birth Rate: 10 births/ 1,000 population

  • Death Rate: 11 deaths/ 1,000

Death Rate: 11 deaths/ 1,000 population population

  • Labor force: (sources

Labor force: (sources -

  • CI A Fact Book)

CI A Fact Book)

– – I ndustry 41%

I ndustry 41%

– – Agriculture 6%

Agriculture 6%

– – Other (services, etc.) 53%

Other (services, etc.) 53%

  • Population profiles:

Population profiles:

– – Current snapshots

Current snapshots

– – Reveal historical events

Reveal historical events

– – Enable projections

Enable projections

Supranationalism Supranationalism

  • A venture involving

A venture involving three or more three or more states states

  • Political, economic, and/ or cultural

Political, economic, and/ or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives cooperation to promote shared objectives New New “ “Euro Euro” ”Currency Currency

European Supranationalism European Supranationalism

Why would anyone want to give away

Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals in this century? sought after goals in this century?

1944 1944 Benelux Benelux Agreement Agreement

  • Netherlands

Netherlands

  • Belgium

Belgium

  • Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Primary function

Primary function

  • f the OEEC
  • f the OEEC

To accept and

To accept and distribute funds distribute funds allocated under allocated under the the Marshall Plan Marshall Plan

Developed by the U.S. to assist Developed by the U.S. to assist the rebuilding of European the rebuilding of European countries at the end of WW II countries at the end of WW II

History of European History of European Supranationlism Supranationlism European European Union (EU) Union (EU)

  • Original Members: (12) Belgium,

Original Members: (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, I celand, I taly, Luxembourg, I celand, I taly, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK

  • Established: 7 February 1992

Established: 7 February 1992

  • Effective: 1 November 1993

Effective: 1 November 1993

  • Aimed to coordinate policy among

Aimed to coordinate policy among the members in three fields: the members in three fields:

  • - economics

economics

  • - defense

defense

  • - justice and home affairs

justice and home affairs

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SLIDE 5

5 European Union European Union Members Today Members Today

  • Belgium

Belgium

  • Netherlands

Netherlands

  • Luxembourg

Luxembourg

  • France

France

  • I taly

I taly

  • Germany

Germany

  • Britain

Britain

  • I reland

I reland

  • Denmark

Denmark

  • Greece

Greece

  • Spain

Spain

  • Portugal

Portugal

  • Austria

Austria

  • Sweden

Sweden

  • Finland

Finland

European European Supranationalism Supranationalism

  • EU Members

EU Members

  • Non

Non-

  • members

members

  • Prospective

Prospective Members Members

Supranationalism Supranationalism Problems Problems

  • Loss of autonomy

Loss of autonomy

  • Disparities in levels of economic

Disparities in levels of economic development development

  • Technical barriers

Technical barriers

  • Cultural barriers

Cultural barriers

REGI ONS REGI ONS OF OF EUROPE EUROPE

  • WESTERN

WESTERN EUROPE EUROPE

  • BRI TI SH I SLES

BRI TI SH I SLES

  • NORTHERN

NORTHERN (NORDI C) (NORDI C) EUROPE EUROPE

  • MEDI TERRANEAN

MEDI TERRANEAN EUROPE EUROPE

  • EASTERN EUROPE

EASTERN EUROPE

Western Western Europe Europe

France France Belgium Belgium Luxemburg Luxemburg Netherlands Netherlands Germany Germany Austria Austria Switzerland Switzerland

British British I sles I sles

United United Kingdom Kingdom

  • England

England

  • Wales

Wales

  • Scotland

Scotland

  • Northern

Northern I reland I reland

I reland I reland

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SLIDE 6

6

Northern Northern (Nordic) (Nordic) Europe Europe

I celand I celand Norway Norway Sweden Sweden Finland Finland Estonia Estonia Denmark Denmark

MEDI TERRANEAN MEDI TERRANEAN EUROPE EUROPE

  • PORTUGAL

PORTUGAL

  • SPAI N

SPAI N

  • I TALY

I TALY

  • GREECE

GREECE

  • CYPRUS

CYPRUS

  • MALTA

MALTA

MEDI TERRANEAN EUROPE MEDI TERRANEAN EUROPE

  • SI X COUNTRI ES

SI X COUNTRI ES

  • A DI SCONTI NUOUS REGI ON

A DI SCONTI NUOUS REGI ON

  • ON THE PERI PHERY

ON THE PERI PHERY

  • CULTURAL CONTI NUI TY DATES FROM

CULTURAL CONTI NUI TY DATES FROM GRECO GRECO-

  • ROMAN TI MES

ROMAN TI MES

  • MEDI TERRANEAN CLI MATE

MEDI TERRANEAN CLI MATE

– –HOT HOT -

  • DRY SUMMERS

DRY SUMMERS – –WARM/ COOL WARM/ COOL -

  • MOI ST WI NTERS

MOI ST WI NTERS

  • WESTERN

WESTERN

  • NORTHERN

NORTHERN

  • MEDI TERRANEAN

MEDI TERRANEAN

  • EASTERN

EASTERN

EASTERN EASTERN EUROPE EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE

(REGI ONAL I DENTI FI ERS) (REGI ONAL I DENTI FI ERS)

  • EUROPE

EUROPE’ ’S LARGEST REGION S LARGEST REGION

  • ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS

ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS

  • CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES

CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES

  • INCLUDES EUROPE

INCLUDES EUROPE’ ’S LARGEST STATE S LARGEST STATE

  • INCORPORATES EUROPE

INCORPORATES EUROPE’ ’S POOREST S POOREST COUNTRY COUNTRY

  • IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET

IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU

  • REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF

REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF INFLUENCE INFLUENCE

SUBREGI ONS OF SUBREGI ONS OF EASTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE

  • COUNTRI ES FACI NG

COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE BALTI C SEA THE BALTI C SEA

  • THE LANDLOCKED

THE LANDLOCKED CENTER CENTER

  • COUNTRI ES FACI NG

COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE ADRI ATI C SEA THE ADRI ATI C SEA

  • COUNTRI ES FACI NG

COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE BLACK SEA THE BLACK SEA

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SLIDE 7

7 COUNTRI ES FACI NG COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE BALTI C SEA THE BALTI C SEA

  • POLAND

POLAND

– – A CLASSI C NATI ON

A CLASSI C NATI ON-

  • STATE

STATE

– – TRADI TI ONALLY AGRARI AN

TRADI TI ONALLY AGRARI AN -

  • WHEAT

WHEAT

– – POST WWI I I NDUSTRY

POST WWI I I NDUSTRY -

  • SI LESI A

SI LESI A

– – WARSAW

WARSAW -

  • PRI MATE CI TY

PRI MATE CI TY

  • LI THUANI A

LI THUANI A

– – LOST I NDEPENDENCE I N 1940, REGAI NED I N

LOST I NDEPENDENCE I N 1940, REGAI NED I N 1991 1991

– – KALI NI NGRAD

KALI NI NGRAD -

  • A RUSSI AN EXCLAVE

A RUSSI AN EXCLAVE

  • LATVI A

LATVI A

– – SI MI LAR HI STORY AS LI THUANI A

SI MI LAR HI STORY AS LI THUANI A

– – CONSTI TUTE BARE MAJORI TY I N OWN COUNTRY

CONSTI TUTE BARE MAJORI TY I N OWN COUNTRY

  • BELARUS: RUSSI A

BELARUS: RUSSI A’ ’S CLOSEST ALLY S CLOSEST ALLY

THE LANDLOCKED CENTER THE LANDLOCKED CENTER

  • CZECH REPUBLI C

CZECH REPUBLI C

– – THE REGI ON

THE REGI ON’ ’S MOST WESTERNI ZED S MOST WESTERNI ZED

– – PRAGUE

PRAGUE-

  • A CLASSI C PRI MATE CI TY

A CLASSI C PRI MATE CI TY

  • SLOVAKI A

SLOVAKI A

– – THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL

THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL PART OF PART OF “ “CZECHOSLOVAKI A CZECHOSLOVAKI A” ”

  • HUNGARY

HUNGARY

– – A NATI ON

A NATI ON-

  • STATE OF 9.9 MI LLI ON

STATE OF 9.9 MI LLI ON

– – BUDAPEST

BUDAPEST-

  • A CLASSI C PRI MATE CI TY

A CLASSI C PRI MATE CI TY

COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE ADRI ATI C SEA ADRI ATI C SEA

  • SLOVENI A: FI RST TO SECEDE;

SLOVENI A: FI RST TO SECEDE; ETHNI CALLY MOST HOMOGENEOUS ETHNI CALLY MOST HOMOGENEOUS

  • CROATI A

CROATI A

  • BOSNI A: CENTRALLY POSI TI ONED

BOSNI A: CENTRALLY POSI TI ONED

  • SERBI A: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS

SERBI A: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS

  • MACEDONI A: 65% MACEDONI AN, 21%

MACEDONI A: 65% MACEDONI AN, 21% ALBANI AN ALBANI AN

  • ALBANI A: REMNANT OF TURKI SH

ALBANI A: REMNANT OF TURKI SH OTTOMAN EMPI RE; 70% MUSLI MS; OTTOMAN EMPI RE; 70% MUSLI MS; LOWEST ECONOMI C RANKI NG I N EUROPE LOWEST ECONOMI C RANKI NG I N EUROPE

COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE COUNTRI ES FACI NG THE BLACK SEA BLACK SEA

  • BULGARI A: LI BERATED BY RUSSI A

BULGARI A: LI BERATED BY RUSSI A I N 1878 I N 1878

  • ROMANI A: A FORMER ROMAN

ROMANI A: A FORMER ROMAN PROVI NCE; RAW MATERI ALS (COAL, PROVI NCE; RAW MATERI ALS (COAL, I RON ORE, OI L, NATURAL GAS) I RON ORE, OI L, NATURAL GAS)

  • MOLDOVA: AGRI CULTURAL

MOLDOVA: AGRI CULTURAL

  • UKRAI NE: LARGEST AND MOST

UKRAI NE: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS; AGRI CULTURAL AND POPULOUS; AGRI CULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES AVAI LABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AVAI LABLE

KEY CONCEPTS KEY CONCEPTS

  • BALKANI ZATI ON

BALKANI ZATI ON

  • DEVOLUTI ON

DEVOLUTI ON

  • SHATTER BELT

SHATTER BELT

  • I RREDENTI SM

I RREDENTI SM

  • ETHNI C

ETHNI C CLEANSI NG CLEANSI NG

BALKANI ZATI ON BALKANI ZATI ON

  • FROM THE VERB

FROM THE VERB BALKANI ZE BALKANI ZE, , WHI CH MEANS TO BREAK UP WHI CH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS I N A REGI ON) I NTO (AS I N A REGI ON) I NTO SMALLER AND OFTEN SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTI LE UNI TS HOSTI LE UNI TS

  • ORI GI NATES FROM A

ORI GI NATES FROM A MOUNTAI N RANGE I N MOUNTAI N RANGE I N BULGARI A BULGARI A

  • APPLI ED TO THE SOUTHERN

APPLI ED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRI ES BALKAN COUNTRI ES OF THE BALKAN PENI NSULA OF THE BALKAN PENI NSULA

The former The former Yugoslavia Yugoslavia has has become five independent become five independent countries and the province of countries and the province of Kosovo is currently fighting to Kosovo is currently fighting to break away of what is left of break away of what is left of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia.

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SLIDE 8

8

UNDERLYI NG FORCES UNDERLYI NG FORCES

  • CENTRI FUGAL FORCES

CENTRI FUGAL FORCES

– – REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO

REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DI VI DE DI VI DE A A COUNTRY COUNTRY

  • Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological

Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences differences

  • CENTRI PETAL FORCES

CENTRI PETAL FORCES

– – FORCES THAT UNI TE AND BI ND A COUNTRY

FORCES THAT UNI TE AND BI ND A COUNTRY TOGETHER TOGETHER

  • A strong national culture, shared ideological

A strong national culture, shared ideological

  • bjectives, and a common faith
  • bjectives, and a common faith

I RREDENTI SM I RREDENTI SM

  • A POLI CY OF

A POLI CY OF CULTURAL CULTURAL EXTENSI ON AND EXTENSI ON AND POLI TI CAL POLI TI CAL EXPANSI ON EXPANSI ON AI MED AT A AI MED AT A NATI ONAL GROUP NATI ONAL GROUP LI VI NG I N A LI VI NG I N A NEI GHBORI NG NEI GHBORI NG COUNTRY COUNTRY

Every divided country or partitioned people is

  • unhappy. -- Leo Tolstoy

ETHNI C ETHNI C GROUPS GROUPS I N I N EASTERN EASTERN EUROPE EUROPE

ETHNI C CLEANSI NG ETHNI C CLEANSI NG

  • REFERS TO THE

REFERS TO THE FORCI BLE OUSTER FORCI BLE OUSTER OF ENTI RE OF ENTI RE POPULATI ONS POPULATI ONS FROM THEI R FROM THEI R HOMELANDS BY HOMELANDS BY STRONGER STRONGER POWERS BENT ON POWERS BENT ON TAKI NG THEI R TAKI NG THEI R TERRI TORI ES TERRI TORI ES DEVOLUTI ON DEVOLUTI ON I N I N EUROPE EUROPE

  • THE PROCESS

THE PROCESS WHEREBY REGI ONS WHEREBY REGI ONS WI THI N A STATE WI THI N A STATE DEMAND AND GAI N DEMAND AND GAI N POLI TI CAL POLI TI CAL STRENGTH AND STRENGTH AND GROWI NG GROWI NG AUTONOMY AT THE AUTONOMY AT THE EXPENSE OF THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTRAL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT

SHATTER BELT SHATTER BELT

  • A TERM APPLI ED

A TERM APPLI ED TO EASTERN TO EASTERN EUROPE BY EUROPE BY GEOGRAPHERS TO GEOGRAPHERS TO DESCRI BE A ZONE DESCRI BE A ZONE OF CHRONI C OF CHRONI C POLI TI CAL POLI TI CAL SPLI NTERI NG AND SPLI NTERI NG AND FRACTURI NG FRACTURI NG

  • WHY HERE?

WHY HERE?

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SLIDE 9

9

E E T T H H N N I I C C M M O O S S I I A A C C O O F F E E A A S S T T E E R R N N E E U U R R O O P P E E