Work and Well Being in certain Climate Change Scenario s Project under UNDP-AP-GEM With funding support from the Government of Japan
Gender and Work - ironic that women’s work has been consistently underrepresented in many national statistics survey due to - inadequacies in conceptualization, definition of terms - methodologies the study is a contribution to understanding women’s work � Climate Change is amplifying the socio-economic burdens already felt by Filipino families � even more with indigenous populations whose livelihood is deeply rooted in the wellbeing of the environment. � Adaptation to climate change is costly with well being and “care” dimension at stake
Time Use � As a valuable economic resource � A critical step in examining contribution of women and men in development � Time use brings out WORK dynamics � Remunerated work � Unremunerated work different participation of men and women in � • the labor market
Study � Looks at households in farming communities � determine what constitutes work and ‘well-being’ in an agricultural household; � assess the resilience and vulnerabilities of women and their households to specific climate change scenarios
This map indicates tragedies from 1991 to 2006 which were triggered by extreme weather events such as typhoons and variability in precipitation. The symbols indicate directly affected areas. Source: Jabines and Inventor, 2007
Study Site
� Its’ mountainous fragile ecosystem characterized by an undulating to rugged topography constantly exposed to extreme rainfall makes it uniquely vulnerable to climate change
Context � Household unit of analysis both as a consumption and production unit Study site: Benguet in the Cordillera Region -communities engaged in production for the market -done in fragile, typhoon-prone highland setting
� Methodology Time use study � � [1] stylized time use questionnaire � [2] time use diary � [3] focus group discussions � “Time use” vis-à-vis “income earned” � � paid work unpaid work � Rural farmers and urban farmers � Medium elevation and high elevation
Respondents Demographics: Household Dynamics Madaymen Respondents Mean age: Male – 38.5 Female – 36.43 35 65 Average farm size: 0.25-1 hectare Average HH Size: Household Type: 5 and 6 Single – 10% Nuclear – 40% Extended – 45%
Respondents Demographics: Household Dynamics La Trinidad Respondents Mean age: Male – 41.3 28.3 Female – 43.84 71.7 Average farm size: 2767.82 square meters Average HH Size: Household Type: (n=53) 5 and 6 Single – 7.5% Nuclear – 45.3% Extended – 39.5% Nuclear w/ helpers – 1.9% Extended w/ helpers – 7.5%
Climate Change Scenarios Climate change scenarios that figure -prolonged droughts, -erratic typhoon episodes, -warmer midday and colder afternoons -irregular rainfall patterns � Occurrence of hailstone [locally called dallalo ] and frost [ andap ] at a time when it is not expected and in places where these do not usually happen � In August of 2010, there was another dry spell when it should be wet; in September, five tropical cyclones strucked: typhoon Ondoy and in October, in a supposedly dry condition, typhoon Pepeng hit Northern Luzon area. Pepeng’s fury was witnessed in the region - bringing millions of damages.
Validat alidates s an earlier data in dif an earlier data in different erent areas areas in the region* in the region* Bayabas Loo Paoay Taloy Sur Total Changes in the Climate Increase of temperature 83.0% 98.6% 74.3% 82.7% 85.2% Extreme hot and cold 46.8% 81.1% 74.3% 48.1% 65.4% Irregular rain pattern 61.7% 48.6% 62.9% 82.7% 62.6% Stronger rainfall intensity 61.7% 39.2% 47.1% 55.8% 49.4% Irregular typhoon pattern 53.2% 43.2% 55.7% 34.6% 46.9% Stronger typhoon 0.0% 12.2% 15.7% 11.5% 10.7% Change in wind direction 10.6% 20.3% 28.6% 7.7% 18.1% Stronger wind 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 5.8% 2.1% Longer drought 80.9% 55.4% 64.3% 65.4% 65.0% Occurrence of hailstone 21.3% 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 7.0% Thinner frost 0.0% 0.0% 12.9% 0.0% 3.7% (multiple response) Total 419.2% 398.6% 448.7% 394.3% 416.1% Views on Climate Change Positive 14.9% 5.4% 12.9% 11.5% 10.7% Negative 95.7% 98.6% 91.4% 96.2% 95.5% (multiple response) Total 110.6% 104.0% 104.3% 107.7% 106.2%
21.5 Annual Mean Temperature 21 20.5 線形 (Annual Mean Temperature) Temperature ( o C) 20 19.5 19 18.5 18 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
25 20 Temperature ( o C) 15 Baguio and Benguet were experiencing more warmer days and lesser colder days 10 1999 2009 5 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Respondents Recollection on Worst Year (source STQ data, 2011) Table 1. Respondents Recollection on Worst Year (Source: STQ Instrument, 2011) Description of Year YEAR % % 2011 32.08 9.52 Flooding had become a global phenomenon; early rains - worst for strawberry farmers, “ basit ti apit ” (low production/harvest), low gross income; " nginmato amin " (price increase of every commodity), crisis, " awan ti panggatang ti kaspulan " (no money to buy needs) 2010 1.89 14.29 typhoon, destroyed roads, can't sell produce Typhoon Pepeng and Ondoy - roads close, " awan pang-gatangan ti 2009 33.96 47.62 bagas " (no source of rice), relief from Munisipyo, " agbulod kadwa " (borrow from others) ; Pepeng and Ondoy - swamp flooded, “ kasapulan agbangka ” (needed to travel in boat), landslide, “ mabankrupt ” (bankruptcy), " tumayaw puonan " (capital loss), " malayos boarding house " (flooded boarding house), scarcity of food, " pagistay natay " (nearly died), " awan makan " (no food), " nagaburan garden " (garden eroded), " adu natay " (many died) 2008 3.77 0 Meningo coccemia/A1H1, erratic rain and temperature Madaymen - andap during summer; La Trinidad - agbaliw baliw ti 2007 3.77 4.76 schedule 2006 1.89 0 “panay tudo” (frequent raining) 2005 5.66 0 typhoon juan; meningo coccemia scare; crop loss 2003 0 4.76 Farm frost
Wellbeing Well-being is operationalized in this study as quality of life, that may constitute the material and the non-material (data from Stylized Time Use Questionnaire) La Trinidad (n=53) Madaymen (n=20) Positi Wellbeing Positive Same Negative ve Same Negative Indicator (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Overall Quality of Life 19.2 28.8 52 25 40 35 1. Material Wellbeing 29.1 18.8 52 36.9 47.4 15.8 2. Time Wellbeing 21.7 23.9 54.3 10.6 31.6 57.9 3. Health 0 85 15 26.3 63.2 10.5 4. Freedom of choices and actions 2.8 45.6 51.7 13.3 19.6 66.7 5. Security 15.4 59 25.7 21.1 57.9 21 [1] The four wellbeing indicators in this study are based on the "Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Framework" of the World Health Organization (2005)
Figure 4.1 Changes in work intensity with climate change Changes in Work intensity with Climate Change as one Context 100% Same/No 80% change 60% Positive 40% Negative 20% 0% La Trinidad Madaymen (
Reasons for increasing work intensity: [1] with unpredictable weather, everytime it rains, need to “spray again” [2] stronger typhoon causes flooding (not only landslides) [3] whatever labor invested, it is “doubled” even “tripled” ie., re-planting; with too much leafing, need thinning; with too much water, need to drain [4] with new breed of pests (stranger to farmers) work and costs is likewise increased -what used to be ‘pests’ observed in low elevation, it is now observed in higher elevation like “egges” and “ngilaw”
Time Use and Wellbeing Table . Male and Female Average Paid and Unpaid Hours per Week in La Trinidad and Madaymen (Source: TUD and STQ data) La trinidad Madaymen Average for two sites Research Variables Male Female Male Female Male Female Paid Hours per Week (STQ) 59.95 50.73 55.2 40.25 57.575 45.49 UnPaid Hours per Week (STQ) 17 36.52 13.53 32.83 15.265 34.675 Paid Hours per Week (TUD) 58.86 48.92 47.87 30.64 53.365 39.78 UnPaid Hours per Week (TUD) 11.75 20.22 8.85 25.8 10.3 23.01 Leisure Hours per Week (TUD) 8.79 3.48 4.35 3.88 6.57 3.68 T-test results between Male and Female both in La Trinidad and Madaymen for both paid and unpaid work has highly significant differences, where males spend more time in paid work while females spend more time in unpaid work
Time Use Result: Paid Work by farmer Incorporators Distribution of Hourly Participation Rate of Farmers in Paid Work: Farming Related Activities • higher participation rate of males in farming (paid work) activities while females have a lower participation rate • Peak hours in farming work for farmer are 8-12 noon in the morning and 4-6 in the afternoon
Time Use Result: Unpaid Work - Cleaning Distribution of Hourly Participation Rate Between Sexes in La Trinidad and Madaymen on Unpaid Work: Cleaning Activities • At most hours of the day, females in both sites largely do the cleaning chores • Helpers are hired for the farm but not usually for household chores as “wives can do it”
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