What s next in Accelerator Particle Physics (somewhat CERN biased) - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What s next in Accelerator Particle Physics (somewhat CERN biased) - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What s next in Accelerator Particle Physics (somewhat CERN biased) Neutrino Telescopes Conference Venezia, March 9, 2001 Luciano MAIANI CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Fermi s maximal accelerator ( Seminar at APS, 29.01.1954 ) Thanks to

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What ’s next in Accelerator Particle Physics

(somewhat CERN biased…) Neutrino Telescopes Conference Venezia, March 9, 2001

Luciano MAIANI CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

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  • E. Fermi ’s maximal accelerator (Seminar at APS, 29.01.1954)

Thanks to Fabiola Gianotti, James Pilcher

2 Tesla EBeam= 5 103 TeV Year 1994 Cost 170 B$

  • E. Fermi

VLHC project logo

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Fermi maximal accelerator (cont ’d)

Thanks to Mark Oreglia, Adrienne Kolb

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AdA VEP-1 CBX ACO ADONE CEA SPEAR VEPP-2 DORIS PETRA CESR VEPP-4 P E P TRISTAN LEP SLC HERA LEP2 DCI LHC SppS TEVATRON ISR LHC RHIC KEK-B PEP2 DAFNE BEPC 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 e+e- pp or pp-bar per nucleon y=0.3719e0.1898x y=15.97e0.1535x

Tevatron: P-Pbar, 1987 Eequiv≈0.5 1015 eV LEP2: e+ e- , 1995 ≈ same en. range as Tevatron LHC: P-P , 2006 Eequiv≈1.1•1017 eV, ≈5B US$

Fermi’s successors did not fare so badly... + X-factories +Heavy Ions... Fermi: P-P, 1994, Ebeam≈ 5•1015 eV, 170B US$ (3 TeV in c.o.m. !)

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The LHC dipole n. 0001 Artist view of the LHC in the LE P Tunnel

Training Quenches at 1.8K

7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 1 2 3 4 5

Quench Number Magnetic Field at Quench B [Tesla]

HCMBB-A0001-01000001.T1 Ul ti m ate Field = 9T Nom in al Field = 8.34 Tesl a

No quench

9 Tesla

Nominal LHC field

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Summary

  • What ’s next in Particle Physics
  • Neutrino masses and oscillations
  • Higgs boson search
  • Supersymmetry
  • Extra dimensions?
  • Accelerators for the future
  • Towards a nu-factory, CERN ’s SPL
  • VLHC?
  • CLIC
  • The extreme optimist ’ s scenario
  • Conclusions

Thanks to:

– J-P. Delahaye, J. Ellis, F. Gianotti, G. Giudice,

  • K. Hubner, L. Evans, A. DeRoeck.
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1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08 1.00E+09 1.00E+10 1.00E+11 1.00E+12

1 2 3 4

up-q down-q ch-lept neutrinos

1st family 2nd family 3rd family

M Proton neutrinos!!!

quarks and charged leptons

eV ???

Mass spectrum of quarks and leptons

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K&SuperK discovery!!!

Neutrino mass & oscillations

Long Base-Line ν beams K2K Minos @ FermiLab CERN to Gran Sasso

Other oscillation signals:

  • Solar ν ’s (≈10-4 eV 2)

∆m 2 12 may be 10-1 - 10-2 ∆m 2

13

CP violation may be visible

  • LSND (≈1 eV 2)(???)

K2K, new!!!: CC seen ≈28, expected≈38 L/E≈200 →∆m2≈2 10-3

m g eV g GeV GeV

2 2 2 3 2 2 15 2

1 6 10 200 10 = < > = = ⋅ < >

−

[ ] . [ ( ) ( )] φ φ Λ Λ

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Higgs hunting : LEP and elsewhere

  • Evidence for a Higgs particle at about 115 GeV/c2 found in

the last months of operation in year 2000

Statistical Significance September 5 LEP fest November 2

2.2 σ 2.3 σ 2.9 σ Preliminary !!! ALEPH: candidate for e+e- →Z+H (Summer 2000)

  • P. Igo-Kemenes-LEP Seminar-Nov.3, 2000
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Plot taken from Physics at Run II Workshop

TEVATRON RUNII

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Higgs Boson at the LHC

  • SM Higgs boson can be discovered at

≈ 5 σ after ≈1 year of operation (10 fb-1/ experiment) for mH ≈ 150 GeV

  • Discovery faster for larger masses
  • Whole mass range can be excluded at

95% CL after ~1 month of running at 1033 cm-2 s -1.

results are conservative:

  • - no k-factors
  • - simple cut-based analyses
  • - conservative assumptions on detector

performance

  • - channels where background control is

difficult not included, e.g

LP2

WH l bb → ν

L is per experiment

  • F. Gianotti

5σ

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Measurement of the SM Higgs parameters at LHC: mass to ~0.1%, width to ≤ 10%, rates (σ x BR) to ~10%, ratios of couplings (WWH, ZZH, ttH, bbH) to 10-20%

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Branching ratios of SM Higgs decays into fermion and WW*pairs

  • M. Battaglia, hep-ph/9910271.

Higgs decay branching ratios at a Linear e+e - Collider (TESLA/NLC/JLC)

accuracy on δBR/BR (MH = 120 GeV ): bb : 2:4% WW* : 5:4% cc : 8:3% gg : 5:5% ττ : 6:0% ratio of the ττ to the bb branching ratios =(mτ/mb)2

(P. Zerwas, LC study)

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Triple Higgs coupling

H H e e + + + →

− +

ν ν

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Supersymmetry in the TeV range

  • SUSY charges carry 1/2 spin (matter-forces unification)
  • A bridge towards gravity
  • TeV scale indicated by hierarchy problem
  • Study of SUSY spectrum: deep in multi TeV region

... } , { + =

µ αβ µ β α

γ P Q Q Lightest SUSY Particles may still be around from BIG-BANG

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Amaldi, de Boer, Furstenau

See also : Ellis, Kelley, Nanopoulos; Langacker, Luo

Dimopoulos, Raby, Wilczek Ibanez, GGR

MSSM

Large New Dimensions Unification at a TEV???

Dienes, Dudas, Ghergetta,

Unification Hints

Courtesy of

  • G. Ross, LEP fest
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Getting into TeV and many TeV region with complementary probes is necessary to fully understand the Supersymmetry spectrum

(J. Ellis, F. Gianotti, A.deRoek, CLIC working group)

e+e - L C Particles discovered in eight sample models at LHC or e+e - L C TESLA NLC/JLC

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Expected reach of CMS in various channels & the cosmological parameters

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Extra space dimensions?

  • Waves (and particles) of large wave

length (small energy) simply do not fit in the curved dimension

  • how small is R?

R Kaluza & Klein 1930’s Superstring theory not consistent in 4 dimensions Extra curved dimensions required Scale? ≈ 1/MPlanck? « if a cat would disappear in Pasadena and reappear in Erice, this would be an example of global cat conservation. This is not the way cats are conserved » (R.P. Feynman) .... in 4 dimensions

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Extra Dimensions at mm scale?

The universe viewed in the small: quarks, leptons, and gauge fields are bound to a D-brane localised in an extra compact dimension. Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (1998)

Giudice, Rattazzi, Wells

e+e -→ γ + Gravitons

D D Planck D D Planck D D D

M M M R r R r M m m r M m m V

2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( = = =

+ +

Gravity in 3+D dim.

MD =1 TeV R≈ mm (D=2) R≈ fermi (D=6)

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mm

region excluded by previous work above lines : Irvine, Moscow and Lamoreaux. Present constraint shown by the line labeled Eöt-Wash.

Limits on anomalous gravity

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Limits on mass scale MD for n Extra Dimensions

R M M M

D Pl D n

= 1

2

( )

≈ 1mm for MD≈1 TeV, D=2 recall:

LEP LHC

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Strategy for the future

High Energy Frontier:

  • LHC
  • e+e - LC, Etot<1 TeV e+e -
  • LC, Etot≈ multiTeV (CLIC)
  • VLHC

Flavour physics: Neutrino superbeam Neutrino factory Further in the future: Muon collider

  • exploration of nearby “Beyond the

Standard Model”

  • Anom. Dim’s. up to 40-50 TeV
  • The unexpected

}

Θ13; CP violation in lepton sector

}

  • as soon as possible!
  • complementary, necessary step

(emittance…)

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Nu-factory status

  • A truly international effort (e.g. FermiLab and BNL studies)
  • substantial investment required (proton driver only ≈20%):

more emphasis on CNGS2 ?

  • @ CERN:

– studies have started (SPL, high power target, HARP…) – European collaboration started (CEA, IN2P3, INFN, RAL…) – Co-ordination among Int.’l Laboratories is being proposed (to FNAL, LBL, BNL, Cornell, KEK+ EU laboratories)

  • SPL : cost=320MCHF; beneficial to ISOLDE, CNGS, LHC...
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CERN neutrino beam to Gran Sasso

  • ptimized for

τ detection E GeV

ν ≈ 20

Civil works committed in spring 2000

Experimental proposals OPERA approved Jan 2001 Commissioning: Spring 2005

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2000 the intensity delivered to the SPS was between 1 to 1 . 7 •1013 ppp. In 2001 it is planned to deliver up to 2•1013 ppp. For CNGS it is planned to deliver more than 3

  • 1013 ppp.

From septum blades to Stability Islands

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to Gran Sasso, 730 km to very long distance Laboratory

4MW on target

Isometric schematic of the CERN reference scenario for a Neutrino Factory(CERN, NF Note 28, 16th August 2000)

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Layout of the SPL (Super conducting Proton Linac)

The 2.2 GeV Superconducting H¯ linac parameters in quasi-CW mode

new SC cavities at β=0.52, 0.7, 0.8

Cost 350MCHF (prel.) good for Isolde, CNGS, LHC. We have 53 klys.

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The SC cavities for β < 1

The β=0.7 4-cell prototype CERN technique of Nb/Cu sputtering for β=0.7, β=0.8 cavities (352 MHz):

  • excellent thermal and mechanical stability

(very important for pulsed systems)

  • lower material cost, large apertures, released

tolerances, 4.5 °K operation with Q = 109 Bulk Nb or mixed technique for β=0.52 (one 100 kW tetrode per cavity)

0.1 1 10 2 4 6 8 10 12

Eacc [MV/m] Q/10

9

0.8 single cell LEP 0.7 4-cells 0.8 5-cells

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Layout on the CERN site

Linac + klystron gallery Linac + klystron gallery parallel to the fence of parallel to the fence of Meyrin Meyrin site (Route site (Route Gregory) Gregory)

  • Economic trench

excavation

  • Geological advantages

(tunnel on“molasse”, no underground water)

  • Minimum impact on the

environment (empty field)

  • Simple connection to PS

& ISR via existing tunnels

  • Use some of the old ISR

infrastructure (electricity, cooling)

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Particle yield at the SPL target

Hg Target α

Cu solenoid Cu solenoid

  • Mag. Field 20T

Pencil proton beam

15 cm

0.097 0.074 0.483 0.209 0.18 0.11 3.19 2.9 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Positive pions (310 MeV) Negative pions (288 MeV) Produced protons (735 MeV) Scattered protons (1.9 GeV) Electrons (13 MeV) Positrons (22 MeV) Neutrons (58 MeV) Photons (5.6 MeV)

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Cooling increases the phase space density of a factor of 16-

emittance evolution in the front end of the neutrino factory

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NU SUPERBEAMS

40kton Water Cerenkov L=100km D.Casper (CERN Oscillation Working Group)

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sin2(2θ13)≈ 10-2- 10-3 sin2(2θ13)≈10-4- 10-5 half way from ν factory !

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Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC)

New study at FNAL (convener: J. Strait) to guide R&D VLHC1 initial machine 15-20 TeV per beam VLHC2 second phase: VLHC1 as injector to VLHC2 (87.5 TeV/beam) both accelerators in same tunnel

Phase 1 Phase 2 Ebeam [TeV] 20 87.5 Bdip [T] 2.0 10.0 Rbend [km] 33.3 29.1 Arc packing factor 95.0% 83.0% Rarc [km] 35.1 35.1 Carc [km] 220 220 Lstraights [km] 20 20 Ctotal [km] 240 240 Luminosity [cm-2s-1] 10^34 10^35 Preliminary parameter list

Low f. High f.

ELN (INFN)(1996)

LHC 100 7 12 8.3 238 27 10^34

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Synchrotron radiation Photon flux Γ', ph/m-sec 0.34 x 1016 1.26 x 1016 Critical energy Ec, keV 0.48 3.4 Power deposited per meter P/2π1O, W/m 0.082 2.12 Total power (per beam) P, kW 47.5 176.6 Energy loss per turn ∆E, MeV/turn 0.53 3.7 Radiation damping time (horizont. ampl.) τD, hrs 114 2.6

Vacuum Issues Vacuum Issues Vacuum Issues (Mauro Pivi / LBL)

LHC ELN (1996) 0.044 0.2 2.46 7.6 585 0.007 28 52 1.5

High field: power deposited by Synchr.Rad. difficult to take out because of low temperature! LHC: heat deposited on the inner tube which is kept at ≈190K by Ne coolant

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Photo electrons acceleration at LHC may produce additional heat load

δ=yield coefficient secondary electrons

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VLHC at CERN?

(Circ. = 240 Km)

LHC Bourg-en-Bresse

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Linear Collider working regions

NOTE: 100 MeV/m= 3TeV/30km

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CLIC Test Facility 3

Housed in LEP Pre- Injector building Construction 2001-2003

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CLIC test facility n.3

  • to demonstrate a novel concept of drive-beam generation
  • to provide the nominal rf power to a few accelerating

sections which in turn will operate with the nominal accelerating gradient.

  • CTF3 will be a unique 30 GHz high-power rf source for

the tests of all the rf components.

  • CTF3 will evolve in a staged approach where construction

phases alternate with beam test periods. The plan is to have CTF 3 fully exploited by 2005.

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CLIC status

  • CTF3 construction starts in 2001
  • Next step (after positive results from CTF3): a 600m

module

  • Collaborations with INFN, IN2P3, SLAC are active
  • Closer collaboration with European Laboratories is

being discussed (Orsay, RAL, Frascati …)

  • CLIC physics studies started at CERN
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Fitting CLIC at CERN

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GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES

faults Suisse Metro ’ sillons CLIC

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an-04 Apr-04 Jul-04 Oct-04 Jan-05 Apr-05 Jul-05 Oct-05 Jan-06 Apr-06 Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07 Apr-07 Jul-07 Oct-07

Octant t e s t 01/04 to 3 1 / 0 8 Last dipole delivered 3 1 / 0 3 Ring closed and cold 3 1 / 1 2 First beam 0 1 / 0 2 Physics run 7 months L>2x1033 0 1 / 0 8 2 8 / 0 2 Pilot run 01/04 to 30/04 Shutdown 3 months

2004 2005 2006 2007

Pb-Pb run 6 weeks

LHC commissioning schedule

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12fb-1

2000 2010 2015 2005 2020

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Global Accelerator Network (ICFA)

Global Accelerator Network (ICFA) annual budget, in unit of CERN budget (very crude): EUROPE 1+ 0.6 to 1 USA 1 to 1.5 Japan 0.4 ___________ total 3 to 4 say: 4 BCHF/year Investments over 10 year in the GAN≈ 0.3 budget/ (10 years) ≈ 12 BCHF Some cost estimate (European accounting, only material cost, ≈ 0.5 US accounting) in unitis of the LHC material cost ( 1 LHC≈ 3 BCHF): NLC (4 B$) 2.1 Nu factory (1.1 B$) 1.7 can we realize the full programme in 15 to 20 years !!!??!!! ≈ 12 BCHF

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Conclusions

  • Many fascinating problems in 1-10 TeV region
  • from « normal business »: Higgs, SUSY,
  • to « new world » discoveries : extramensions
  • We need to understand neutrinos better
  • Support accelerator physics!!!
  • Consensus:
  • LHC, sub-TeV e+e- LC
  • CLIC, VLHC
  • nu-factory
  • Can we make them in reasonable time? Can we afford?

– We can perhaps realize the full programme in 15 to 20 years, but:

  • Better efficiency in decision making
  • Respect User distribution, to keep young generations in the game

A transition to a new global organisation, similar to EU transition from National Laboratories to CERN ???