WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? UN 1975: Availability at all times of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? UN 1975: Availability at all times of adequate supplies of basic foodstuffsto sustain a steady expansion of food consumptionand to offset fluctuations in production and prices FAO 2009: Food security
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? ▸ UN 1975: “Availability at all times of adequate supplies of basic
foodstuffs…to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption…and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”
▸ FAO 2009: “Food security exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
FOOD SECURITY EXISTS WHEN…
Lack of food security is lack of equality All People Food Security can be chronic or transient At all times It’s not only about availability but also access Physical, social and economic access Food security is not only about quantity but also quality and Sufficient, safe and nutritious food We must respect people’s culture Meets dietary needs and food preferences Food security underlies all human activity For an active and healthy life
COMPONENTS OF FOOD SECURITY
Starvation is the characteristic
enough to eat. It is not the characteristic of there not being enough to eat. Why don’t people have enough to eat if there is enough to eat?
FOOD SECURITY POLICY COURSE
▸ What is food security? ▸ How prevalent is food insecurity? ▸ How is the world trying to address food insecurity? ▸ Food security per pillar (access, utilization, resilience, availability) ▸ Major influencing factors: climate change, conflict, trade liberalization ▸ Special topics: humanitarian aid, land grabs....
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (2000)
MDG HUNGER GOAL ▸ Goal: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
▸ Indicators:
energy consumption
HAVE WE ACHIEVED MDG 1C? ▸ Almost... For the developing world as a whole the proportion of
undernourished people dropped from 23.3 per cent in 1990–1992 to 12.9 per cent in 2014–2016.
▸ 795 million people undernourished globally, down 167 million
REGIONAL BREAKDOWN ▸ 72 out of 129 countries achieved goal. Latin America, SE Asia,
Central Asia, West Africa, succeeded. SAsia, Oceania, the Caribbean and S and E Africa, progressed but slower
▸ In SSA number of undernourished people even increased by
44 million between 1990–92 and 2014–16.
A TALE OF TWO REGIONS
FS SUCCESS FACTORS ▸ Good governance ▸ Political stability and the rule of law ▸ Absence of
IT IS EASIER TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY THAN HUNGER. WHY?
▸ The hungry are the poorest of the poor ▸ Hunger and poverty are mutually reinforcing ▸ Poor agricultural households lack access to sufficient, high-quality
land and other natural resources or to remunerative sources of income (self-employment, wage labour)
POLICIES TO SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY ▸ Pro-poor economic growth ▸ Agricultural productivity growth/ Developing agricultural markets ▸ Building resilience/social protection
HUNGER TARGETS ▸ By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular
the poor and people in vulnerable situations, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
▸ End all forms of malnutrition, including stunting (height for age)
and wasting (weight for height) in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
HUNGER TARGETS CONTINUED ▸ Double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale
food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
AND EVEN MORE TARGETS....
▸ Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and
farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species
▸ Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
MARKET-BASED TARGETS
▸ Increase investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension
services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries
▸ Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural
markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies
▸ Ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives
and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in
ARE WE ON TRACK TO SUCCEED?
Source: IFPRI Global Food Policy Report 2016
ZERO HUNGER CHALLENGE, 2012 ▸ Zero stunted children under the age of two ▸ 100% access to adequate food all year round ▸ All food systems are sustainable ▸ 100% increase in smallholder productivity and income ▸ Zero loss or waste of food
COMPONENTS OF FOOD SECURITY
HOW DO WE INCREASE ACCESS? ▸ Economic empowerment, especially in smallholder agriculture ▸ Increase women’s education ▸ Provide social safety nets ▸ Increase political voice ▸ Strengthen land rights ▸ Peace
HOW DO WE INCREASE ACCESS?
▸ Raises farmer incomes ▸ Generates demand for other rural goods and services and creates
employment and incomes for landless rural poor.
▸ Increases availability of food on the market and helps keep food prices
low for urban and rural consumers
▸ Increases diversity of diets = better nutrition
“Agricultural investment is the most important and most effective strategy for poverty reduction in rural areas, where the majority of the world’s poorest people live.” World Bank, 2008
¾ POOR AND HUNGRY PEOPLE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD LIVE IN RURAL AREAS
Growth originating in agriculture is 3x as likely to alleviate extreme poverty
▸ 65% of Africans work in
agriculture.
▸ Africa has 60% of the world’s
uncultivated arable land.
▸ Yet….Africa is a net importer
Why?
HOW DO WE INCREASE ACCESS? ▸ Economic empowerment, especially in smallholder agriculture ▸ Increase political voice ▸ Strengthen land rights ▸ Increase women’s education ▸ Provide social safety nets ▸ Peace
WHO IS HUNGRY?
7/10 of the world’s hungry are…
WHO IS HUNGRY?
▸ Women produce 60-80% of the developing country food and represent 43% of the
agricultural labour force
▸ Millennium Development Goals: the most important intervention to halve hunger and
malnutrition in the world is education of women
▸ Women more likely than men to spend their money on food for the household. ▸ BUT: Rural women receive less than 10% of total credit to farmers ▸ In most countries, women can’t own land, don’t have access to financial services or other
men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million with a 50% reduction in severe child hunger.
HOW DO WE INCREASE ACCESS? ▸ Economic empowerment, especially in smallholder agriculture ▸ Increase political voice ▸ Strengthen land rights ▸ Increase women’s education ▸ Provide social safety nets ▸ Peace
SOCIAL PROTECTION ▸ Social insurance (protection against risk over time) ▸ Social assistance (payments and in-kind transfers to support and
enable the poor)
▸ Social inclusion efforts (to enhance the capability of the
marginalized to participate fully in economic and social life and to access social services)
TYPES OF PROTECTION PROGRAMS
▸ Public works programs (can exclude women, benefits not maintained, people need calories
to work)
▸ Food subsidies (expensive, regressive) ▸ Grain reserves (big in 60s and 70s, less so now because costly and inefficient) ▸ School feeding programmes ▸ Nutritional supplements to children esp. 6mo.-2yrs ▸ Conditional cash transfers (eg if send kids to school or clinic, but harder to administer ▸ Unconditional cash/food transfers (esp in Africa where public service less developed)
SOCIAL PROTECTION
▸ Today, every country in the world has at least one social assistance
program in place
▸ Social protection programs can help escape poverty, build resilience,
facilitate prudent risk-taking, improve nutritional outcomes, empower women
▸ School-feeding programs in 130 countries. ▸ Unconditional cash transfers in 118 countries ▸ Conditional cash transfer and public works/ community asset programs
expanding
RESILIENCE ▸ Resilience = long-term resilience to shocks and stressors ▸ Resilience is on the individual (psychological), household,
community, organizational, ecological system or state level
SHOCKS?
▸ Work shocks – unemployment ▸ Output shocks – how much families are producing or the price of that produce ▸ Food shocks – less food in market, higher food price ▸ Asset shocks – unexpected drops in productive assets eg cow dies, theft, debt seizure,
fall in value of savings due to high inflation
▸ AIDS shock ▸ “Predictable shocks” most food insecurity is seasonal or regular but aperiodic – health,
temporary unemployment and other recurring adverse events.
STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING RESILIENCE ▸ Prevention:
▸ Protection
POLICY OPTIONS ▸ Asset and livelihood diversification programs ▸ Drought cycle management and information systems ▸ Livestock life insurance ▸ Regional coordination ▸ Social safety nets
WOMEN AND RESILIENCE
▸ Women have less access to and less control over resources ▸ Women more vulnerable to violence ▸ Women’s coping strategies more likely to include prostitution ▸ A recent empirical analysis of 141 countries 1981-2002 found that natural
disasters lower the life expectancy of women more than men
▸ Household $ more likely to spent for healthcare for men than women ▸ Women more vulnerable than men both in women-headed and men-headed
households
HOW DO WOMEN COPE? ▸ They give their portion of food to household men ▸ They take lower-paying jobs than are offered to men ▸ They migrate or are trafficked ▸ They sell off assets (jewelery) ▸ However, many social protection intiatives register women as
recipients on food and cash transfers and have female quotas on public work programs
PASTORALISM AND RESILIENCE ▸ Loss of land and key resources like dry-season grazing areas and
watering points
▸ Endemic conflict and violence ▸ Increased population and settlement ▸ Climate change and variability
PASTORALISTS NEED… ▸ Mobility ▸ Governance (secure access rights) ▸ Access to critical patches – much of the conflict in regions with
grazers due to conflict over use of these patches
▸ Access to markets ▸ Livelihood diversification
HOW DO WE INCREASE ACCESS? ▸ Economic empowerment, especially in smallholder agriculture ▸ Increase political voice ▸ Strengthen land rights ▸ Increase women’s education ▸ Provide social safety nets ▸ Peace
CONFLICT = HUNGER
CONFLICT ▸ Between 2004 and 2009, around 50,000
people lost their lives each year as a direct result of conflict or
resulted in the deaths of more than 250 000 people annually
PROTRACTED CRISIS IS THE NEW NORMAL ▸ Crises used to be short, now they are long
▸ The approximate combined population in protracted crises in 2012
was 366 million people, of whom approximately 129 million were undernourished – some 19 percent of the global total of food-insecure people
AGRICULTURE AS A MEANS TO PEACE AND SECURITY
Patterns of civil instability overlaid with the food price index
New England Complex Systems Institute, 2012
COMPONENTS OF FOOD SECURITY
NUTRITION: HOW IS IT MEASURED? ▸ CU5: % of children under 5 affected by
▸ POU: % of Undernourished (by calorie count)
UTILIZATION/NUTRITION ▸ Lack of nutrition does not necessarily mean lack of calories. ▸ Some countries (India, US) have extremely high rates of
malnutrition relative to hunger.
KEY FACTS: CURRENT STATUS OF NUTRITION
Stunting Wasting Micronutrient deficiencies Overweight/obesity
vitamins & minerals
161 MILLION CHILDREN ARE STUNTED WORLDWIDE
Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2014.Globally, one in four children are stunted Percentage of under-fives who are moderately or severely stunted in 2013
GLOBALLY 51 MILLION CHILDREN ARE WASTED
About two-thirds of all wasted children live in South Asia.
Percentage of children under five who are wasted and severely wasted, by region, in 2013
*CEE/CIS: Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2014. 44 MILLION CHILDREN UNDER 5 ARE OVERWEIGHT /OBESE: 8.6 MILLION LIVE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Rates of overweight and obesity continue to rise across all regions.
Percentage of children under five who are overweight and obese, by region, 1990 to 2012
Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2013. Overweight is defined as the percentage of children aged 0 to 59 months whose weight for height is above 2SD (overweight and obese) or above 3 SD (obese) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards ‘HIDDEN HUNGER’
▸ Vitamin and mineral deficiencies account
for over 50 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally (Murray et al, 2013)
▸ Global estimates of anemia prevalence
are 42% in pregnant women and 47% pre-school age children. (WHO, 2009)
Iron Folic acid Iodine Vitamin A Zinc
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION
Sources: 1. Black et al., 2013; 2. Martorell et al., 2010 (stunting at 2 years associated with a reduction of schooling of 0.9 years); 3. Grantham-MacGregor et al., 2007; 4. Horton & Steckel, 2013; 5. Popkin et al, 2006. HOW MUCH DOES MALNUTRITION COST?
▸ Economic losses from disease from malnutrition $0.8-1.9 trillion a year ▸ FAO: economic productivity losses from malnutrition $1.4–2.1 trillion a year, the
equivalent of 2–3 percent of global GDP
▸ Under-nutrition also limits educational achievement and thus economic mobility ▸ Cost of reaching 80% of the world’s undernourished children with key interventions:
$10 billion annually
▸ Every $1 spent on hunger = $30 in economic returns ▸ 2013 London nutrition summit: donors committed $10 billion over 10 years, not 1
UNICEF FRAMEWORK FOR CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition. death & disability Inadequate dietary intake Disease Inadequate health services & unhealthy environment Quantity, quality & control of Human resources. Unequal distribution of economic &Political, Cultural, Economic & Social factors
Inadequate education
Outcome Immediate causes Underlying causes Basic causes Source: UNICEF NUTRITION PROGRAMMING INVOLVES WORKING “UPSTREAM” AND “DOWNSTREAM” TO SCALE UP NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS
What Works?
(eg. Diarrhea-ORT)
SCALING UP NUTRITION (SUN) 2012
▸ Focuses on the first 1000 days of life, from the beginning of pregnancy ▸ Incorporates strategies addressing:
55 COUNTRIES HAVE COMMITTED TO SCALING UP NUTRITION
▸
SUN brings together governments, civil society, donors, UN agencies, NGOs and the private sector to support scaling up nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive actions.
Source: www.scalingupnutrition.org. Accessed Aug 2014. EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON FOOD SECURITY
EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON FOOD SECURITY
3 TYPES OF TRADE-DISTORTING INSTRUMENTS ▸ Market access – including import tariffs and quotas ▸ Export subsidies – gov’t payments that cover costs of exporters
such as marketing expenses, transport charges, and payments to domestic exporters
▸ Domestic support – direct support to farmers linked to type, price
and volume of production.
TRADE BARRIERS TO FOOD SECURITY ▸ Developing countries lose and estimated $68 billion a year in
agricultural export revenues to trade barriers
▸ The OECD gave in 2012 $258 billion in subsidies to farmers and
$142 billion in aid
▸ 62% of US farmer revenues from government subsidies ▸ The maximum EU tariff on dairy products was 160% and the
average was 50%
LAND GRABS
▸ 5% of African arable land owned by foreign investors – size of Zimbabwe ▸ Foreign investors tend to go to poor countries where there are weak land
tenure rights. 2/3 of deals in countries with a prevalence of hunger
▸ 11 countries get most of investment: Sudan, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Zambia, DRC, Philippines, Indonesia and Laos
▸ However amount of agriculture FDI remains low compared to other sectors
(5%), mostly in processing
LAND GRABS: BENEFITS ▸ Employment creation – eg Ghana 180,000 jobs in 2001-2008,
Uganda 3,000 jobs in 2009
▸ Diversification of crops, higher value-added crops ▸ Income generation through subcontracting of services also can
benefit existing farmers
LAND GRABS: DRAWBACKS
▸ Short-term employment (but unsustainable, not nec. local, may replace more
resilient forms of employment )
▸ Local rights and needs often not protected ▸ Lack of transparency can lead to corruption ▸ Displacement of farmers, loss of grazing lands, reduced access to resources ▸ Upward pressure on land prices ▸ Evidence of adverse environmental impacts like resource depletion
CAN THERE BE A WIN-WIN? ▸ Large scale land acquisition can backfire on companies. ▸ Contracting or joint ventures with local cooperatives are a possible
way forward.
▸ Companies can provide farmers with financial capital, inputs,
technology, management expertise, marketing and business know-how
▸ Inclusive business models can work but need good governance and
strong communities