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What drives metropolitan house prices in Bork/Mller California? - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CA house prices What drives metropolitan house prices in Bork/Mller California? Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Lasse Bork, Aalborg University Empirical results: Overview Stig V. Mller, Aarhus University &


slide-1
SLIDE 1

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

What drives metropolitan house prices in California?

Lasse Bork, Aalborg University Stig V. Møller, Aarhus University & CREATES.

Housing, household debt and policy conference 2017, RBNZ

Updated paper to appear on my webpage and SSRN

slide-2
SLIDE 2

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation in general

Are regional house prices primarily driven by regional

economic conditions? Or, are there significant spillover effects from the aggregate economy to the regional house prices?

In general, we are interested in getting a better

understanding of the links between regional house prices and the aggregate-regional economy

The challenge in addressing these research questions:

Many potential determinants of regional house prices:

income, various (un)employment measures, short-term and long-term interest rates, credit, building permits, houses sold relative to houses for sale, consumer sentiment, housing sentiment, etc, etc

In this paper we try to uncover - using a large

dimensional dynamic factor model - the main structural drivers (shocks) behind a particular regional housing market (California).

slide-3
SLIDE 3

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation in general

Are regional house prices primarily driven by regional

economic conditions? Or, are there significant spillover effects from the aggregate economy to the regional house prices?

In general, we are interested in getting a better

understanding of the links between regional house prices and the aggregate-regional economy

The challenge in addressing these research questions:

Many potential determinants of regional house prices:

income, various (un)employment measures, short-term and long-term interest rates, credit, building permits, houses sold relative to houses for sale, consumer sentiment, housing sentiment, etc, etc

In this paper we try to uncover - using a large

dimensional dynamic factor model - the main structural drivers (shocks) behind a particular regional housing market (California).

slide-4
SLIDE 4

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation in general

Are regional house prices primarily driven by regional

economic conditions? Or, are there significant spillover effects from the aggregate economy to the regional house prices?

In general, we are interested in getting a better

understanding of the links between regional house prices and the aggregate-regional economy

The challenge in addressing these research questions:

Many potential determinants of regional house prices:

income, various (un)employment measures, short-term and long-term interest rates, credit, building permits, houses sold relative to houses for sale, consumer sentiment, housing sentiment, etc, etc

In this paper we try to uncover - using a large

dimensional dynamic factor model - the main structural drivers (shocks) behind a particular regional housing market (California).

slide-5
SLIDE 5

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation in general

Are regional house prices primarily driven by regional

economic conditions? Or, are there significant spillover effects from the aggregate economy to the regional house prices?

In general, we are interested in getting a better

understanding of the links between regional house prices and the aggregate-regional economy

The challenge in addressing these research questions:

Many potential determinants of regional house prices:

income, various (un)employment measures, short-term and long-term interest rates, credit, building permits, houses sold relative to houses for sale, consumer sentiment, housing sentiment, etc, etc

In this paper we try to uncover - using a large

dimensional dynamic factor model - the main structural drivers (shocks) behind a particular regional housing market (California).

slide-6
SLIDE 6

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation in general

Are regional house prices primarily driven by regional

economic conditions? Or, are there significant spillover effects from the aggregate economy to the regional house prices?

In general, we are interested in getting a better

understanding of the links between regional house prices and the aggregate-regional economy

The challenge in addressing these research questions:

Many potential determinants of regional house prices:

income, various (un)employment measures, short-term and long-term interest rates, credit, building permits, houses sold relative to houses for sale, consumer sentiment, housing sentiment, etc, etc

In this paper we try to uncover - using a large

dimensional dynamic factor model - the main structural drivers (shocks) behind a particular regional housing market (California).

slide-7
SLIDE 7

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 US house price index (1986:III = 100) Californian house price index (1986:III = 100)

slide-8
SLIDE 8

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

Mean growth rate in house prices: 1986Q3-2016Q3. Nominal. Annualized.

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SLIDE 9

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

Boom: Mean growth rate in house prices: 2000Q1-2006Q2. Nominal. Annualized.

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SLIDE 10

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

Bust: Mean growth rate in house prices: 2006Q3-2009Q3. Nominal. Annualized.

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SLIDE 11

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

Visalia−Porterville Merced San Luis Obispo−Paso Robles−Arroyo Grande Santa Rosa San Rafael Eureka−Arcata−Fortuna Crescent City, CA MiSA Oakland−Hayward−Berkeley Sacramento−−Roseville−−Arden−Arcade Yuba City Hanford−Corcoran Susanville Clearlake Red Bluff San Francisco−Redwood City−South San Francisco Madera SRAA Santa Maria−Santa Barbara Vallejo−Fairfield Oxnard−Thousand Oaks−Ventura Santa Cruz−Watsonville YC Sonora Napa SRAA San Jose−Sunnyvale−Santa Clara Salinas San Diego−Carlsbad Truckee−Grass Valley Ukiah SRAA El Centro Modesto Bakersfield OHB Fresno SJSSC SFRCSSF Chico Stockton−Lodi Redding Riverside−San Bernardino−Ontario Los Angeles−Long Beach−Glendale Anaheim−Santa Ana−Irvine RSBO

−20.00 −16.00 Low −12.00 −8.00 −4.00 0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 High 20.00

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SLIDE 12

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation: Regional differences in house prices in 6 graphs

Visalia−Porterville Merced San Luis Obispo−Paso Robles−Arroyo Grande Santa Rosa San Rafael Eureka−Arcata−Fortuna Crescent City, CA MiSA Oakland−Hayward−Berkeley Sacramento−−Roseville−−Arden−Arcade Yuba City Hanford−Corcoran Susanville Clearlake Red Bluff San Francisco−Redwood City−South San Francisco Madera SRAA Santa Maria−Santa Barbara Vallejo−Fairfield Oxnard−Thousand Oaks−Ventura Santa Cruz−Watsonville YC Sonora Napa SRAA San Jose−Sunnyvale−Santa Clara Salinas San Diego−Carlsbad Truckee−Grass Valley Ukiah SRAA El Centro Modesto Bakersfield OHB Fresno SJSSC SFRCSSF Chico Stockton−Lodi Redding Riverside−San Bernardino−Ontario Los Angeles−Long Beach−Glendale Anaheim−Santa Ana−Irvine RSBO

−20.00 −16.00 Low −12.00 −8.00 −4.00 0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 High 20.00

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SLIDE 13

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Motivation - structural shocks

We seek a structural understanding of the links between the US macroeconomy and the Californian housing market

Monetary policy: What is the scope for

accommodating developments in the housing markets by monetary policy (if desired)?

Is there a homogeneous or very heterogeneous response

  • f house price across regions (metropolitan areas)? Del

Negro/Otrok (JME 2007) find that house prices are determined primarily by local latent house price factors

Aggregate shocks & regional house prices: The role

played by aggregate and regional demand/supply shocks

Credit shocks? Spillover effects form house prices (collateral

channel effects) on regional activity: Real estate is a major part of the collateral value of households and firms and is important for the transmission mechanism,

  • cf. Iacoviello (AER 2005). What is the empirical role of

this channel?

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SLIDE 14

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-15
SLIDE 15

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-16
SLIDE 16

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-17
SLIDE 17

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-18
SLIDE 18

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-19
SLIDE 19

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-20
SLIDE 20

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-21
SLIDE 21

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-22
SLIDE 22

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-23
SLIDE 23

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Research questions

Research question:

What are the aggregate and regional structural sources

  • f the variation in regional house prices, in particular in

Californian metro level house prices?

What is the role of standard aggregate shocks in

explaining the variation of regional (Californian) housing prices? And what is the role of regional shocks?

Is the loose monetary policy the recent decade to be

blamed for the boom and bust of housing prices?

Our Approach:

Structural dynamic factor model that involves a very

large set of

US aggregate economic and financial variables Californian economic variables and metro house prices The almost 400 time series are driven by a number of

economically motivated aggregate factors, regional factors, and and regional house price factors.

We identify aggregate shocks (AS, AD, Credit, mon.

pol.) and regional shocks.

slide-24
SLIDE 24

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Main takeaway

Credit shocks and regional shocks are the most important drivers of house prices in California - monetary policy shocks and AD/AS shocks play a minor role.

Historical decomposition of SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA (black) into shocks. Jun-86 Jun-88 Jun-90 Jun-92 Jun-94 Jun-96 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 Jun-08 Jun-10 Jun-12 Jun-14 Jun-16

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 Quarterly nominal growth rate MP RD RS RHD RHS AD AS CS undef.( 9) undef.(10) data

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SLIDE 25

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Overview

Overview of the remaining presentation

Model: Structural dynamic factor model with

aggregate and regional factors

Quarterly data: 1986:III - 2016:III. 223 US

macroeconomic and financial time series. 138 Californian economic series and 29 house price series from metropolitan areas in California.

Results:

Response of regional house prices to structural shocks Historical decomposition of house prices the identified

shocks

Conclusion Possible extensions

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SLIDE 26

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Dynamic factor model (DFM) - outline

Consider a general dynamic factor model (DF) Xt = λ0ft + ... + λsft−s + ξt ft = φ1ft−1 + ... + φhft−p + ut (1) that can be written as in a first-order state space representation: Xt = ΛFt + ξt Ft = ΦFt−1 + Ut (2) where Xt is N × 1, Λ = [λ0, ..., λp] is a N × qp loading matrix, Ft =

  • f

t , ..., f t−p+1

  • is a qp vector of dynamic

factors and their lags, ξt is a N × 1 vector with the idiosyncratic error terms, Φ is qp × qp matrix with autoregressive parameters, and the reduced form VAR residuals reside in Ut =

  • u

t , 0 q(p−1)×1

  • .
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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

DFM: identifying the factors

Partition the observed data, Xt, into: (Zt, it) : US aggregate observed time series , Ct : regional (Californian) economic variables Ht: Californian metro-level house prices Define aggregate dynamic factors and regional dynamic factors, i.e. ft = vec

  • f Z

t , f C t , f H h,t, it

   Zt Ct Ht it     =     λZZ λZi λCZ λCC λCH λCi λHZ λHC λHH λHi 1         f Z

t

f C

t

f H

t

it     +     ξZ

t

ξC

t

ξH

t

    (3)     f Z

t

f C

t

f H

t

it     = Φ (L)     f Z

t−1

f C

t−1

f H

t−1

it−1     +     uZ

t

uC

t

uH

t

ui

t

    (4) In the end we work with: ft = vec

  • f Z

π,t, f Z y1,t, f Z y2,t, f Z bp,t, f C π,t, f C y1,t, f C y2,t, f C bp,t, f H t , it

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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Structural dynamic factor model (SDFM)

Recall the arguments from the motivating section of this presentation, that the structural shocks are

AS: Aggregate supply shock, εAS AD: Aggregate demand shock, εAD AC: Aggretate credit shock, εAC MP: Monetary policy shock, εMP. Zero lower bound →

shadow rate.

RS: Regional supply shock, εRS

RHS: We also consider a regional housing supply shock,

εRHS

RD: Regional demand shock, εRD

RHD: We also consider a regional housing demand

shock, εRHD

The shocks are identified from the reduced form VAR residuals ut using a combination of zero and sign

  • restrictions. See next slide.
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SLIDE 29

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Structural identification by zero and sign restrictions (1)

Based on the work by Binning (2013) and Arias, Rubio-Ramirez & Waggoner (2014). Central to their work is the correct conditioning on the zero restrictions before drawing sign restrictions. Crucial for the intended identification is the requirement that each identified shock is associated with a unique sign pattern.

– Shocks – MP AS AD AC RS RD Response at horizon j = 1...J Aggregate inflation Zπ − − + ∗ Aggregate output Zy − + + ∗ Money aggregate Zm − ∗ + ∗ ∗ ∗ HY spread Zs ∗ ∗ ∗ ++ ∗ ∗ Defaults Zδ ∗ ∗ ∗

++

∗ ∗ Regional (CA) inflation Cπ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ −− ++ Regional (CA) output Cy ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ++ ++ Federal funds rate it + ∗ + ∗ ∗ ∗

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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Structural identification by zero and sign restrictions (2)

Are there significant shocks originating in the regional housing market? Consider regional housing demand shocks (RHD) and supply shocks (RHS)

– Shocks – MP AS AD AC RS RD RHS RHD Response at horizon j = 1...J Aggregate inflation Zπ − − + ∗ Aggregate output Zy − + + ∗ Money aggregate Zm − ∗ + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ HY spread Zs ∗ ∗ ∗ ++ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Defaults Zδ ∗ ∗ ∗

++

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Regional (CA) inflation Cπ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ −− ++ ∗ ∗ Regional (CA) output Cy ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ++ ++ ∗ ∗ Construction employment (CA) C∆e ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ + + Building permits (CA) Cbp ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ + + House prices (CA) Ch ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ − + Federal funds rate it + ∗ + ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ AC: the (impulse) responses in corp. spread over and above the response in expected defaults

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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Overview of empirical results

Impulse response analysis:

  • 1. Monetary policy shock: Response of US and CA key

variables to a monetary policy shock

  • 2. Credit shock: Response of US and CA key variables to a

credit shock

  • 3. Regional demand shock: Response of CA key variables

to a regional demand shock

  • 4. Regional housing demand shock: Response of CA key

variables to a regional housing demand shock Historical structural decomposition of selected variables:

  • 1. House prices for San Francisco metropolitan area
  • 2. House prices for Stockton metropolian area
  • 3. Californian non-farm payrolls
slide-32
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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

1)IRF: monetary policy shock

Fed Funds

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

CPI-U housing

12 24 36

  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2 0.4

Emp: total priv

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

U: all

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

C and I loans comm bank

12 24 36

  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2 0.4

M1

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

NAPM new ordrs

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

Starts: nonfarm

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

NAPM com price

12 24 36

  • 0.3
  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

Pers Cons Exp total Qnt

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

Consumer expect

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

Spread MBS

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05

Reserves tot

12 24 36

  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2

CPI-U: All items, LA/R/O

12 24 36

  • 0.6
  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2

  • Empl. CA

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5

  • Unem. rate, CA

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

  • Empl. SJ/SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

Emp: construction

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

Building Permits CA total

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

Consumer conf Pac

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

OaklandHaywardBerkeleyCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

SanDiegoCarlsbadCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

RiversideSanBernardinoOntarioCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

MS72172Sign4ACCandRSR RHD CS 2MP r10 p2

|----> California

Remark: The dotted line is the single model closest to the median; cf. Fry and Pagan (2011).

Federal funds rate replaced by the Wu/Xia shadow rate. Aggregate responses broadly as expected. No significant

effect on house prices.

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CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

2) IRF: credit shock

Fed Funds

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

CPI-U housing

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

Emp: total priv

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

U: all

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

C and I loans comm bank

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

M1

12 24 36 1 2 3 4

NAPM new ordrs

12 24 36

  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2

Starts: nonfarm

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

NAPM com price

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

Pers Cons Exp total Qnt

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

Consumer expect

12 24 36

  • 0.3
  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

Spread MBS

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

Reserves tot

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

CPI-U: All items, LA/R/O

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

  • Empl. CA

12 24 36

  • 0.8
  • 0.6
  • 0.4
  • 0.2
  • Unem. rate, CA

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

  • Empl. SJ/SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

Emp: construction

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

Building Permits CA total

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

Consumer conf Pac

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

OaklandHaywardBerkeleyCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

SanDiegoCarlsbadCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

RiversideSanBernardinoOntarioCA

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5

MS72172Sign4ACCandRSR RHD CS 2CS r10 p2

|----> California

Remark: The dotted line is the single model closest to the median; cf. Fry and Pagan (2011).

Credit shock is defined similarly to Meeks (JEDC 2012) Adverse credit shock has important negative effects on the

real economy and house prices

slide-34
SLIDE 34

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

2) IRF: Regional demand shock

  • Unem. rate, CA

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

  • Unem. rate, SanJ//SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

  • Unem. rate, LA/LB/Riv

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

  • Unem. rate, Fresno/Md

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

  • Unemp. rate - Yuba City

12 24 36

  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

  • Empl. CA

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

  • Empl. SJ/SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

  • Empl. LA/LB

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

Empl NP in Riv/SB/Ont

12 24 36

  • 1

1 2 3

Empl NP in Stockton

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

Building Permits CA total

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

New permits SF/O/F

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15

Housing starts : 1-U for LA/LB/SanA

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15

Housing starts : 1-U for Riv/SB/O

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15

New permits Sacr/A/A/R,

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15

CPI: All, CA

12 24 36 0.5 1 1.5

CPI-U: All items, SF/O/SJ

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

CPI-U: All items, LA/R/O

12 24 36 0.5 1 1.5

CPI-U: Non-dbles, LA/R/O

12 24 36

  • 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6

CPI-U: All items, San Diego

12 24 36 0.5 1 1.5 2

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36

  • 2

2 4 6

SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA

12 24 36

  • 1

1 2 3

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36

  • 2

2 4 6

FresnoCA

12 24 36

  • 2

2 4

ReddingCA

12 24 36

  • 2

2 4

MS72172Sign4ACCandRSR RHD CS 2RD r10 p2

Remark: The dotted line is the single model closest to the median;cf. Fry and Pagan (2011).

A favourable regional demand shock ⇒, house prices ↑,

(un)employment improves

In contrast, the effect on regional variables from an

aggregate demand shock (not shown) is often insignificant.

slide-35
SLIDE 35

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

4) IRF: regional housing demand shock

  • Unem. rate, CA

12 24 36

  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

  • Unem. rate, SanJ//SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

  • Unem. rate, LA/LB/Riv

12 24 36

  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05

  • Unem. rate, Fresno/Md

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

  • Unemp. rate - Yuba City

12 24 36

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1

  • Empl. CA

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

  • Empl. SJ/SF/Oak

12 24 36

  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1

  • Empl. LA/LB

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

Empl NP in Riv/SB/Ont

12 24 36

  • 1

1 2 3

Empl NP in Stockton

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

Building Permits CA total

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

New permits SF/O/F

12 24 36

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

Housing starts : 1-U for LA/LB/SanA

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

Housing starts : 1-U for Riv/SB/O

12 24 36

  • 0.1

0.1 0.2

New permits Sacr/A/A/R,

12 24 36

  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15

CPI: All, CA

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

CPI-U: All items, SF/O/SJ

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

CPI-U: All items, LA/R/O

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1

CPI-U: Non-dbles, LA/R/O

12 24 36

  • 0.4
  • 0.2

0.2 0.4

CPI-U: All items, San Diego

12 24 36

  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36 2 4 6

SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA

12 24 36

  • 1

1 2 3

LosAngelesLongBeachGlendaleCA

12 24 36 2 4 6

FresnoCA

12 24 36 2 4 6

ReddingCA

12 24 36 2 4 6

MS72172Sign4ACCandRSR RHD CS 2RHD r10 p2

Remark: Here the dotted line is the single model closest to the median; cf. Fry and Pagan (2011).

A favourable regional housing demand shock ⇒,

(un)employment improves.

slide-36
SLIDE 36

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

1) HD: House prices in San Francisco area

Historical decomposition of SanFranciscoRedwoodCitySouthSanFranciscoCA (black) into shocks. Jun-86 Jun-88 Jun-90 Jun-92 Jun-94 Jun-96 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 Jun-08 Jun-10 Jun-12 Jun-14 Jun-16

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 Quarterly nominal growth rate MP RD RS RHD RHS AD AS CS undef.( 9) undef.(10) data

slide-37
SLIDE 37

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

2) HD: House prices in Stockton area

Historical decomposition of StocktonLodiCA (black) into shocks. Jun-86 Jun-88 Jun-90 Jun-92 Jun-94 Jun-96 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 Jun-08 Jun-10 Jun-12 Jun-14 Jun-16

  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 Quarterly nominal growth rate MP RD RS RHD RHS AD AS CS undef.( 9) undef.(10) data

slide-38
SLIDE 38

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

2) HD: Nonfarm payrolls in CA

Historical decomposition of Nonfarm payr. CA (black) into shocks. Jun-86 Jun-88 Jun-90 Jun-92 Jun-94 Jun-96 Jun-98 Jun-00 Jun-02 Jun-04 Jun-06 Jun-08 Jun-10 Jun-12 Jun-14 Jun-16

  • 0.025
  • 0.02
  • 0.015
  • 0.01
  • 0.005

0.005 0.01 0.015 Quarterly growth rate MP RD RS RHD RHS AD AS CS undef.( 9) undef.(10) data

slide-39
SLIDE 39

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Work in progress

Split the house price factor into 1) coastal house price

factor and 2) interior house price factor. This allows us to study spillover effects from coastal house prices to interior counties.

slide-40
SLIDE 40

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Conclusion

This paper makes a structural decomposition of regional

US house prices, specifically Californian metropolitan house prices.

Empirically, we could not uncover a prominent role for

monetary policy shocks in explaining the historical house prices in metropolitan areas of California. The same applies for AD and AS

On the other hand, credit shocks play a major role in

explaining the metropolitan house prices. Somewhat surprisingly (?) they did not play as big a role during the recent GFC as we expected.

A positive regional housing demand shock increases

personal income, and improves regional employment. Moreover, regional bank charge-offs decrease.

The effects from shocks originating in the regional

housing markets are generally more pervasive than general the aggregate counterparts.

slide-41
SLIDE 41

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Conclusion

This paper makes a structural decomposition of regional

US house prices, specifically Californian metropolitan house prices.

Empirically, we could not uncover a prominent role for

monetary policy shocks in explaining the historical house prices in metropolitan areas of California. The same applies for AD and AS

On the other hand, credit shocks play a major role in

explaining the metropolitan house prices. Somewhat surprisingly (?) they did not play as big a role during the recent GFC as we expected.

A positive regional housing demand shock increases

personal income, and improves regional employment. Moreover, regional bank charge-offs decrease.

The effects from shocks originating in the regional

housing markets are generally more pervasive than general the aggregate counterparts.

slide-42
SLIDE 42

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Conclusion

This paper makes a structural decomposition of regional

US house prices, specifically Californian metropolitan house prices.

Empirically, we could not uncover a prominent role for

monetary policy shocks in explaining the historical house prices in metropolitan areas of California. The same applies for AD and AS

On the other hand, credit shocks play a major role in

explaining the metropolitan house prices. Somewhat surprisingly (?) they did not play as big a role during the recent GFC as we expected.

A positive regional housing demand shock increases

personal income, and improves regional employment. Moreover, regional bank charge-offs decrease.

The effects from shocks originating in the regional

housing markets are generally more pervasive than general the aggregate counterparts.

slide-43
SLIDE 43

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Conclusion

This paper makes a structural decomposition of regional

US house prices, specifically Californian metropolitan house prices.

Empirically, we could not uncover a prominent role for

monetary policy shocks in explaining the historical house prices in metropolitan areas of California. The same applies for AD and AS

On the other hand, credit shocks play a major role in

explaining the metropolitan house prices. Somewhat surprisingly (?) they did not play as big a role during the recent GFC as we expected.

A positive regional housing demand shock increases

personal income, and improves regional employment. Moreover, regional bank charge-offs decrease.

The effects from shocks originating in the regional

housing markets are generally more pervasive than general the aggregate counterparts.

slide-44
SLIDE 44

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Conclusion

This paper makes a structural decomposition of regional

US house prices, specifically Californian metropolitan house prices.

Empirically, we could not uncover a prominent role for

monetary policy shocks in explaining the historical house prices in metropolitan areas of California. The same applies for AD and AS

On the other hand, credit shocks play a major role in

explaining the metropolitan house prices. Somewhat surprisingly (?) they did not play as big a role during the recent GFC as we expected.

A positive regional housing demand shock increases

personal income, and improves regional employment. Moreover, regional bank charge-offs decrease.

The effects from shocks originating in the regional

housing markets are generally more pervasive than general the aggregate counterparts.

slide-45
SLIDE 45

CA house prices Bork/Møller Motivation Research question Takeaway Overview Model Empirical results: Overview

IRF Historical decomposition

Conclusion

Thank you!