What AI is A.Y. 2019/2020
A taste of AI http://bit.ly/2RW7xlv All problems present in a few seconds: fears, NLU, speech, knowledge, problem solving, monetisation over-fitting, …
A taste of AI (contd.) http://bit.ly/2Sl2XMT
A taste of AI (contd.) http://bit.ly/2GUDPaA
When was AI born?
Strictly speaking AI was born in ‘50s, but…
The Lullian Circle - 1274 - A paper machine operated by rotating concentrically arranged circles to combine a symbolic alphabet, which was repeated on each level. These combinations were said to show all possible truth about the subject of inquiry. - Llull based this notion on the idea that there were a limited number of basic, undeniable truths in all fields of knowledge, and that everything about these fields of knowledge could be understood by studying combinations of these elemental truths.
Pascal's calculator - 1642 - Pascal's calculator (aka Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. - Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen - He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction.
Leibniz’ Characteristica Universalis and Diagrammatic Reasoning - 1666 - Characteristica universalis is a formal and universal language able to express, through a series of symbols, mathematical, scientific and metaphysical concepts.
The Mechanical Turk - 1770 - The Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player was a fake chess- playing machine constructed in the late 18th century. - The mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent, as well as perform the knight's tour, a puzzle that requires the player to move a knight to occupy every square of a chessboard exactly once.
Babbage’s Analytical Engine - 1837 - A mechanical general-purpose and Turing-complete computer designed by Charles Babbage in 1837.
Boole’s Law of Thought - 1854
What is AI?
What is artificial? intelligence? learning? rationality? knowledge? schema?
A few definitions of AI Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally “The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . “The study of mental faculties through the use of machines with minds , in the full and literal computational models.” sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it possible to human thinking, activities such as decision-making, perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992) problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978) Acting Humanly Acting Rationally “The art of creating machines that per- form functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of that require intelligence when performed by intelligent agents.” (Poole et al. , 1998) people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) “AI ...is concerned with intelligent be- havior in “The study of how to make computers do things at artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
A few definitions of AI AI measured in terms of human performance Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally “The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . “The study of mental faculties through the use of machines with minds , in the full and literal computational models.” sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it possible to human thinking, activities such as decision-making, perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992) problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978) Acting Humanly Acting Rationally “The art of creating machines that per- form functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of that require intelligence when performed by intelligent agents.” (Poole et al. , 1998) people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) “AI ...is concerned with intelligent be- havior in “The study of how to make computers do things at artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
A few definitions of AI AI measured in terms of rationality Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally “The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . “The study of mental faculties through the use of machines with minds , in the full and literal computational models.” sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it possible to human thinking, activities such as decision-making, perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992) problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978) Acting Humanly Acting Rationally “The art of creating machines that per- form functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of that require intelligence when performed by intelligent agents.” (Poole et al. , 1998) people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) “AI ...is concerned with intelligent be- havior in “The study of how to make computers do things at artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
A few definitions of AI AI as thought processes and reasoning Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally “The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . “The study of mental faculties through the use of machines with minds , in the full and literal computational models.” sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it possible to human thinking, activities such as decision-making, perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992) problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978) Acting Humanly Acting Rationally “The art of creating machines that per- form functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of that require intelligence when performed by intelligent agents.” (Poole et al. , 1998) people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) “AI ...is concerned with intelligent be- havior in “The study of how to make computers do things at artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
A few definitions of AI Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally “The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . “The study of mental faculties through the use of machines with minds , in the full and literal computational models.” sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it possible to human thinking, activities such as decision-making, perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992) problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978) Acting Humanly Acting Rationally “The art of creating machines that per- form functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of that require intelligence when performed by intelligent agents.” (Poole et al. , 1998) people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) “AI ...is concerned with intelligent be- havior in “The study of how to make computers do things at artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991) AI addressing behaviour
Acting humanly
The Turing Test approach - The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. - A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer.
AI capabilities required by the Turing Test • Natural language processing: to enable it to communicate successfully in English; • Knowledge representation: to store what it knows or hears; • Automated reasoning: to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions; • Machine learning: to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
Thinking humanly
The cognitive modelling approach - Writing programs that thinks like humans requires that we understand how humans think - Examples - The General Problem Solver (GPS) by Newell and Simon (1961) - Cognitive science
General Problem Solver ● The General Problem Solver (GPS) by Newell and Simon (1961) was designed in order to compare the trace of its reasoning steps to traces of human subjects solving the same problems ● Intuition: if the program’s input–output behaviour matches corresponding human behaviour, that is evidence that some of the program’s mechanisms could also be operating in humans
Cognitive science ● It brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind. ● The interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. ● It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behaviour, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information.
Thinking rationally
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