Water and Climate Change: An Integrated Approach to Address - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Water and Climate Change: An Integrated Approach to Address Adaptation International Workshop on Climate Change “ Youth Action on Climate Change”

Swiss-Garden Hotel and Residences, Malacca 22nd May, 2015

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, MALAYSIA Dr Gary William Theseira Deputy Undersecretary (Environment Management and Climate Change)

Outline

 Background (National circumstances)  Institutional Frameworks  Policies, Legislation and Regulations  The compounding impacts of Climate Change  Resulting Policy and Framework Development  Specific Water-related Issues  Specific initiatives (hard vs. soft)  Instruments  Way Forward  Conclusions

Natural Resources

 Environmentally rich and abundant in natural

resources

 1 of the 12 mega-diverse countries  Rich with renewable and non-renewable resources

including the mineral resources, forestry, fisheries, agriculture, marine, poultry

 One of the fastest growing economies in the ASEAN

region

 The main supplier of natural rubber, hardwoods,

palm oil and tin

 Growing rate of urbanization

Institutional Frameworks

 EPU, Prime Minister’s Department- Focal point for

Sustainable Development

 Ministries (eg)

 NRE-environment, natural resources, water resources,

climate change

 KeTTHA- green technology, water treatment and supply  KPKT-town and country planning

 Departments/ Agencies eg.: DOE, JPSM, PERHILITAN,

NAHRIM, DOF, JPSPN, SPAN, IWK, FRIM, SEDA, Green Tech etc.

 Councils: MTN, MTHPI, MPFN, MTN- harmonization/

coordination platform (federal vs state, cross-sectoral)

 Others: NGOs, Universities, Schools etc.

Policies

 The National Forestry Policy, 1978  The National Policy on Biological Diversity, 1998  The National Policy on the Environment 2002  The National Policy on Climate Change, 2009  The National Green Technology Policy, 2009  The National Water Resources Policy, 2012  The National Mineral Policy 2, 2009  The National Physical Plan  New Economic Model

Laws and Regulations

 Kanun Tanah Negara (National Land Code) 1965  Environmental Quality Act 1974  Town and Country Planning Act 1976  National Parks Act, 1980  National Forestry Act 1984  Fisheries Act 1985  Sarawak Natural Resources and Environment

Ordinance 1997

 Wildlife Conservation Act, 2010 etc.

Challenges

 State vs federal jurisdiction  Policy weaknesses-lack of strategic action plans  Expensive technologies-need to buy from outside  Environmental governance-limited resources  Awareness among Malaysian on environment-lacking  Public participation in environmental protection efforts-

whistle blowers

 Public Private Partnership-need to explore and utilize more  Post-2015 Development agenda: countries are called for

greater commitments in environmental protection/management

 Climate Change Impacts-extreme weather events

Estimated Annual Economic Loss: RM 1 billion

Source: ‘National Register of River Basins (JPS, 2003)

Implementation Framework

National Policies and Policy Review Roadmaps and Strategies Action Plans Regulations and Legislation

ADAPTATION MITIGATION INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS

National Policy on Climate Change

Policy Statement: Ensure climate-resilient development to fulfil national aspirations for sustainability Objectives:

 Mainstreaming climate change through wise management of

resources and enhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened economic competitiveness and improved quality of life;

 Integration of responses into national policies, plans and

programmes to strengthen the resilience of development from arising and potential impacts of climate change; and

 Strengthening of institutional and implementation capacity to

better harness opportunities to reduce negative impacts of climate changePolicies to address climate change and related policies

National Policy on Climate Change

 Five

Principles encompassing Sustainability, Conservation, Coordinated Implementation, Participation and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities;

 Ten Strategic Thrust Areas incorporating a balanced approach

between adaptation and mitigation

 Forty three Key actions identifying specific initiatives, target

sectors, and where possible, key stakeholders

National Green Technology Policy

Objectives:

 To reduce the energy usage rate and at the same time increase

economic growth;

 To facilitate the growth of the Green Technology industry and

enhance its contribution to the national economy;

 To increase national capability and capacity for innovation in

Green Technology development and enhance Malaysia’s competitiveness in Green Technology in the global arena;

 To

ensure sustainable development and conserve the environment for future generations; and

 To

enhance public education and awareness

• n

Green Technology and encourage its widespread use.

National Green Technology Policy

 Built upon the four pillars: Energy, Environment, Economy and

Social

 Specifies four short-term, six mid-term and six long-term goals  Identifies four key sectors: Energy, Buildings, Water and Waste

Management, and Transportation

 Applied in five Strategic Thrust Areas: Institutional Frameworks,

Enabling Environments, Human Capital, Research and Innovation, and Public Awareness

Climate Change Adaptation Mitigation

Development Vulnerability Development Resilience Economic Vulnerability Economic Resilience

Resources Economy Social Climate Proof Development

Land Water Forestry Biodiversity Mineral Agriculture Industry Biotechnology Food Security Water Sufficiency Irrigation Livelihood Safety & Security Social Welfare Emission Reduction / Sink Enhancement Carbon Offset Schemes Climate Friendly Technology Financing & Investment Insurance Schemes

Climate Resilient Economy Low Carbon Economy Climate Resilient Development Industry Finance Trade

OVERALL FRAMEWORK

IPCC Special Report – Managing the Risks of Extreme Weather Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation

• Reduce exposure
• Increase resilience
• Transform Institutions and Management

Frameworks

• Reduce vulnerability
• Prepare, respond and recover
• Effective risk management

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Even if the world maintains the pace of the 1990s in water supply development, it would not be enough to ensure that everyone has access to safe drinking water by 2025. (Source: UNEP)

ADAPTATION

Impacts, direct and subsequent

 Increased scarcity of surface water and diminishing

levels of water tables, leading to loss of cultivable lands and pastures and a reduction in agricultural yield;

 Increased incidence of forest fires, leading to habitat

loss for wildlife and productive lands for livestock;

 Increase in waterborne diseases, such as cholera, and

• ther health impacts;

 Population displacement and loss of livelihoods;  Aggravation of conflict in trans-boundary river basins;  Impacts on infrastructure and transportation;  Impacts on food, energy, biodiversity and health

security

Observed and Projected Climate Change in Malaysia

Observed Projected (by 2050) Temperature 0.6-1.2C per 50 years (1969 – 2009)

• 1.5-2C Increase

Rainfall (amount) no appreciable difference

• (-) 5% to (+) 9% change

in regions within PM

• (-) 6% to (+) 11% change

in regions within Sabah and Sarawak Rainfall Intensity Increased by 17% for 1 hour duration (2000- 2007 compared to 1971-1980)

• Increase in extremes

within wet cycles

• Increase in frequency of

extreme weather Sea Level Rise 1.3 mm/yr (1986-2006, Tanjung Piai, Johor)

• 0.5m rise (Global high

worst case at 10mm/yr)

Muar River Annual precipitation(Basin average 1968-2007)

Annaul precipitation(Basin Average) 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1968/69 1970/71 1972/73 1974/75 1976/77 1978/79 1980/81 1982/83 1984/85 1986/87 1988/89 1990/91 1992/93 1994/95 1996/97 1998/99 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 2006/07 Precipitation(mm)

Increase observed in annual precipitation Increase

Source : IRBM Sg. Muar (JICA, 2010)

Climate Change?

• 30min. @ JPS AMPANG

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 1.00 10.00 100.00

Exceedance Probability (%) Rainfall depth (mm)

1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2007

• 45min. @ JPS AMPANG

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 1.00 10.00 100.00

Exceedance Probability (%) Rainfall depth (mm)

1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2007

• 1hr. @ JPS AMPANG, SELANGOR

10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1.00 10.00 100.00

Exceedance Probability (%) Rainfall depth (mm)

1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2007

3hrs.@ JPS AMPANG, SELANGOR

10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 90.0 110.0 130.0 150.0 1.00 10.00 100.00

Exceedance Probability (%) Rainfall depth (mm)

1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2007

Increasing trends in short duration rainfall

Climate Change?

NAHRIM Study on Climate Change Impact

More rainfall More floods?

(Source: NAHRIM Climate Change Study, 2006) Maximum Monthly Precipitation (mm) North West Region North East Region Central Region Southern Region 1984-1993 (1) 722.9 1440.9 633.6 591.7 2025-2024 2041-2050 (2) 767.8 1913.9 684.6 608.5 (2) - (1) 44.9 473.0 51.0 16.8

Maximum values of monthly precipitation

Precipitation Changes Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation. As average global temperatures have risen, average global precipitation has also increased

Source: IPCC, 2007

MMD Observations on Climate Change Impact

1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 0.1 1 10 100

Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) Duration (hrs)

RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVE 1437116-Stor JPS Johor Bharu

100-Y 100-Y BASELINE BASELINE + CC 100-Y 24Hr : 12.6mm/hr

Revised and Updated IDF Curves for Design Storms

• Flood risk maps to be prepared using

GIS and overlaid with available geographical information:

• Demography, infrastructure, major

industries, crops, satellite imagery, etc.

• Flood emergency zones to be

identified

Implementation of Integrated Flood Forecasting and Warning System

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Web-based Drought Monitoring (http://infokemarau.water.gov.my)

By-pass Tunnel Dam Retention Pond River Channelisation

Flood Mitigation Programmes

Storage dam Irrigation canal Water treatment plant

Water Resources Infrastructure

DID Study on Coastal Vulnerability - SLR

Impacts of Sea Level Rise

• 1. Increased Wave Height

Higher water depth at shorelines Stronger winds generate bigger waves RESULT - increased coastal erosion

• 2. Coastal Flooding

New phenomenon in coastal towns Increasing in severity each year RESULT – more damage to property

• 3. Overtopping of coastal bunds

Bund breaches becoming more common RESULT – Increased losses to agriculture

Coastal Vulnerability

Impacts of Sea Level Rise

• Some minor inundation occurs along the coastal

areas of Peninsular Malaysia

• The highest SLR occurs in the northeast and

northwest regions of Peninsular Malaysia

• The low elevation areas and river mouths in the

southwest and north coasts of Sarawak are very vulnerable to SLR

• Vulnerable areas in Sabah are smaller than in

Sarawak since the coastal elevations are higher in Sabah

A plan for a specific Stretch of shoreline:

• Manage erosion threats
• Manage development

and optimize land use

• Manage sensitive

habitats

Integrated Shoreline Management Plan (ISMP)

Mangrove Replanting Beach Nourishment Concrete Slab Rock Revetment Groyne

Coastal Protection Projects

Adaptation planning

Importance of using an integrated approach Sustainable river basin management; Ecosystem-based approach; Community and indigenous-based

approaches;

National approach; Trans-boundary approach; Policy instruments, monitoring and

evaluation-based approaches

Instruments – Water Shortage

 Restriction on water use (e.g. hosepipe ban)  Administrative allocation of water  Water pricing  Water trading  Abstraction taxes, charges  Dry-year options  Payments for ecosystem services (PES)  Insurance schemes  Microfinance schemes  Information and awareness campaigns to

promote water saving

Instruments – Water Quality

 Water quality standards  Pollution discharge permits  Pollution taxes, charges  Tradeable pollution permits  PES  Information and awareness campaigns  Technical assistance for improved farming

techniques

Instruments – Water Excesses

 Land-use planning/zoning restrictions  Building codes/standards  Insurance schemes  Public–private partnerships (e.g. for flood

defence structures)

 PES  Microfinance schemes  Flood risk mapping  Early warning systems

Communication, stakeholder engagement, knowledge- sharing and management

 Public Participation  NGOs/CSOs  Industry and Residential Users  Local government  Water Delivery Industry  Agriculture  Policymakers

Way Forward

 Observational data and their interpretation for

understanding climate change impacts on water resources

 High-Quality observations  Type and precision of data  International Collection and Monitoring Standards  Investment in Appropriate Coverage  International Cooperation  Enhance synergies – conventions,

institutions/centres

 Cooperation in modelling

Way Forward

 Assessment of Impacts on water resources  Non-climate drivers

 Socio-cultural impacts  Local knowledge  Ecosystem and gender considerations  Trans-boundary issues and cooperation  Context of the UNFCCC

Way Forward

 Adaptation planning and practice at all levels  Importance of local context  Gender-sensitive strategies  Indigenous and Local knowledge  Social dimensions including behaviour  Livelihoods and the importance of diversification  Governance and planning  Policy and economic deficits/incoherence  Reserves for resilience  Research on Extreme events and long-term impacts  Enhanced international cooperation

Conclusions

 Current Distraction of the ADP vs SBSTA  Informative reports and assessment tools have been

developed

 Supporting Intergovernmental Organizations have

been established

 Key focal areas for observation, planning and policy

intervention have been identified

 Significant effort has been dedicated to identifying

impediments and barriers relating to local contexts

 Action at the national level – ongoing but inadequate

THANK YOU

Gary W. Theseira gtheseira@nre.gov.my +603 8886 1131/+6012 205 8454