Vessel Histology Vessel Anatomy Valves and Heart Sounds - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Vessel Histology Vessel Anatomy Valves and Heart Sounds Echocardiography Heart Anatomy

Success on Quiz Section Tests

• attend quiz section
• review web pages and powerpoint slides, focusing on

bold-faced terms

• do practice test before quiz section test
• don’t be afraid to ask questions

Vessels

Figure 15.1, p. 477

Histology of Vessels

• blood vessels consist of 3 layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and

the tunica adventitia

• the tunica intima contains the endothelium and a small amount of

connective tissue

• the tunica media is the layer that differs most between different vessels
• vessel diameter is controlled by smooth muscle found in the tunica media

Comparison of blood vessels

• Fig. 15.2, p. 478

Aorta: elastic artery

tunica media: smooth muscle and elastin (black)

Artery and Vein

• arteries carry blood that is leaving the heart
• arteries are thick-walled and muscular
• veins carry blood that is returning to the heart
• veins are thin-walled and distensible

artery tunica media of artery lumen vein (collapsed) tunica media of vein

Arterioles

• smallest part of arterial system
• determine distribution of blood

flow to tissues

• provide resistance to blood flow

that affects blood pressure

Wheater Figure 8.12a

Two arterioles consisting of endothelium (E) surrounded by smooth muscle (M)

Capillaries

• The wall of a capillary consists of just endothelium
• endothelium is the simple squamous epithelium that lines all blood vessels

White spaces are capillaries in the dermis (blue-stained layer) of the skin

Anatomy of vessels: aortic arch and associated arteries

Figure 20.25 https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and- physiology/pages/20-5-circulatory-pathways

• use for reference in identifying the large arteries on the models

Anatomy of vessels: large veins associated with the superior vena cava

Top half of Figure 3.11 in Gray’s Anatomy for Students

subclavian vein

• use for reference in identifying the large veins on the models

Unlabelled Fig. 14.8, p. 445

anterior view

Coronary circulation

posterior view coronary sinus right coronary artery left coronary artery

• use for reference in identifying the coronary arteries and coronary

sinus on the dissected heart and heart model

Figure 14.7, p. 444

frontal section top view, transverse section

Valves ensure one-way flow of blood in the heart

systole diastole

Semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonary valves

Figure 3.75 in Gray’s Anatomy for Students

Figure 1 in N Engl J Med 2001; 345:740-746 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp003331

structure of mitral (left A-V) valve papillary muscles

• small hills of muscle with

chordae tendineae attached

• contract early to prevent

valve prolapse

chordae tendineae

• strands of connective tissue

attached to valve leaflets

Atrioventricular valves

S1=“lub” S2=“dup” two cardiac cycles together

The heart sounds are due to the closing of the valves

Part of Figure 14.19

systole diastole aortic pressure left atrial pressure left ventricular pressure

Valve disorders

stenosis: narrowing; creates resistance to flow through the valve insufficiency: valve doesn’t close properly, causing regurgitation valve disorders cause murmurs: sounds due to turbulent flow auscultation: listening to heart sounds or murmurs with a stethoscope echocardiography: ultrasound imaging to examine valves and blood flow through heart

à Know the locations for stethoscope à placement to best hear each valve

Auscultation

Murmurs: valve disorders

Systolic or diastolic? AV stenosis AV insufficiency aortic or pulmonary stenosis aortic or pulmonary insufficiency

Actual heart sounds

• normal
• aortic stenosis
• mitral (left AV) regurgitation
• aortic insufficiency
• mitral stenosis

Go to this link to hear heart sounds: https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html

Go to the link below to see the video: https://echocardia.com/en/atlas.html/Views/S tandard%20Transthoracic%20views?page=8

Echocardiography

External features of the heart

Adapted from Figure 14.5f p. 442

left ventricle right ventricle right atrium left atrium aorta pulmonary trunk pulmonary artery superior vena cava

Sectional view of the heart

Figure 14.5g p. 442