Vessel Histology Vessel Anatomy Valves and Heart Sounds - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Vessel Histology Vessel Anatomy Valves and Heart Sounds Echocardiography Heart Anatomy

Success on Quiz Section Tests attend quiz section • review web pages and powerpoint slides, focusing on • bold-faced terms do practice test before quiz section test • don’t be afraid to ask questions •

Vessels Figure 15.1, p. 477

Histology of Vessels • blood vessels consist of 3 layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia the tunica intima contains the endothelium and a small amount of • connective tissue the tunica media is the layer that differs most between different vessels • vessel diameter is controlled by smooth muscle found in the tunica media •

Comparison of blood vessels Fig. 15.2, p. 478

Aorta: elastic artery tunica media: smooth muscle and elastin (black)

Artery and Vein • arteries carry blood that is leaving the heart arteries are thick-walled and muscular • lumen artery tunica media of artery vein (collapsed) tunica media of vein veins carry blood that is returning to the heart • veins are thin-walled and distensible •

Arterioles Wheater Figure 8.12a smallest part of arterial system • determine distribution of blood • flow to tissues provide resistance to blood flow • that affects blood pressure Two arterioles consisting of endothelium (E) surrounded by smooth muscle (M)

Capillaries White spaces are capillaries in the dermis (blue-stained layer) of the skin The wall of a capillary consists of just endothelium • endothelium is the simple squamous epithelium that lines all blood vessels •

Anatomy of vessels: aortic arch and associated arteries Figure 20.25 https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and- physiology/pages/20-5-circulatory-pathways use for reference in identifying the large arteries on the models •

Anatomy of vessels: large veins associated with the superior vena cava subclavian vein Top half of Figure 3.11 in Gray’s Anatomy for Students use for reference in identifying the large veins on the models •

Coronary circulation left coronary right coronary artery artery coronary sinus posterior view anterior view Unlabelled Fig. 14.8, p. 445 use for reference in identifying the coronary arteries and coronary • sinus on the dissected heart and heart model

Valves ensure one-way flow of blood in the heart frontal section top view, transverse section systole diastole Figure 14.7, p. 444

Semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonary valves Figure 3.75 in Gray’s Anatomy for Students

Atrioventricular valves structure of mitral (left A-V) valve chordae tendineae strands of connective tissue • attached to valve leaflets papillary muscles small hills of muscle with • chordae tendineae attached contract early to prevent • Figure 1 in N Engl J Med 2001; 345:740-746 valve prolapse https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp003331

The heart sounds are due to the closing of the valves systole diastole Part of Figure 14.19 aortic pressure left atrial pressure left ventricular pressure S 1 =“lub” S 2 =“dup” two cardiac cycles together

Valve disorders stenosis: narrowing; creates resistance to flow through the valve insufficiency: valve doesn’t close properly, causing regurgitation valve disorders cause murmurs: sounds due to turbulent flow auscultation: listening to heart sounds or murmurs with a stethoscope echocardiography: ultrasound imaging to examine valves and blood flow through heart

Auscultation à Know the locations for stethoscope à placement to best hear each valve

Murmurs: valve disorders Systolic or diastolic? AV stenosis AV insufficiency aortic or pulmonary stenosis aortic or pulmonary insufficiency

Actual heart sounds normal • aortic stenosis • mitral (left AV) regurgitation • aortic insufficiency • mitral stenosis • Go to this link to hear heart sounds: https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html

Echocardiography Go to the link below to see the video: https://echocardia.com/en/atlas.html/Views/S tandard%20Transthoracic%20views?page=8

External features of the heart aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary trunk left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle Adapted from Figure 14.5f p. 442

Sectional view of the heart Figure 14.5g p. 442