Fall 2009 Eastern Sectional Meeting of the AMS Special session on Algebraic Combinattorics Vertex decomposable graphs and obstructions to shellability Russ Woodroofe Washington U in St Louis russw@math.wustl.edu 0/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . link ∆ σ = { τ : τ ∩ σ = ∅ v link v but τ ∪ σ a face of ∆ } 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . link ∆ σ = { τ : τ ∩ σ = ∅ v link v but τ ∪ σ a face of ∆ } A simplicial complex ∆ is Cohen-Macaulay if H i (∆) = 0 for i < dim ∆ , and if (recursively) every proper link is Cohen-Macaulay. 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . link ∆ σ = { τ : τ ∩ σ = ∅ v link v but τ ∪ σ a face of ∆ } A simplicial complex ∆ is Cohen-Macaulay if H i (∆) = 0 for i < dim ∆ , and if (recursively) every proper link is Cohen-Macaulay. A simplicial complex ∆ is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay if the pure i-skeleton (generated by all faces of dimension i ) is Cohen-Macaulay for every i . 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . link ∆ σ = { τ : τ ∩ σ = ∅ v link v but τ ∪ σ a face of ∆ } A simplicial complex ∆ is Cohen-Macaulay if H i (∆) = 0 for i < dim ∆ , and if (recursively) every proper link is Cohen-Macaulay. A simplicial complex ∆ is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay if the pure i-skeleton (generated by all faces of dimension i ) is Cohen-Macaulay for every i . Every link of a shellable complex is shellable, and a shellable complex “is” a bouquet of high dimensional spheres, hence 1/ 12
Shellings A simplicial complex ∆ is shellable if its facets “fit nicely together”. Specifically, if there is an ordering σ 1 , . . . , σ m of the facets of ∆ such that the intersection of σ i with the union of preceding facets has dimension ( dim σ i − 1 ) . link ∆ σ = { τ : τ ∩ σ = ∅ v link v but τ ∪ σ a face of ∆ } A simplicial complex ∆ is Cohen-Macaulay if H i (∆) = 0 for i < dim ∆ , and if (recursively) every proper link is Cohen-Macaulay. A simplicial complex ∆ is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay if the pure i-skeleton (generated by all faces of dimension i ) is Cohen-Macaulay for every i . Every link of a shellable complex is shellable, and a shellable complex “is” a bouquet of high dimensional spheres, hence Shellable = ⇒ sequentially Cohen-Macaulay 1/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. 2/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. A shedding vertex v of a simplicial complex ∆ is such that no face of link ∆ v is a facet of ∆ \ v . 2/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. A shedding vertex v of a simplicial complex ∆ is such that no face of link ∆ v is a facet of ∆ \ v . Lemma: (Wachs) If v ∈ ∆ is a shedding vertex, and ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are shellable, then ∆ is shellable. 2/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. A shedding vertex v of a simplicial complex ∆ is such that no face of link ∆ v is a facet of ∆ \ v . Lemma: (Wachs) If v ∈ ∆ is a shedding vertex, and ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are shellable, then ∆ is shellable. Shelling : Shelling order of ∆ \ v followed by shelling of v ∗ link ∆ v . (So shedding vertex “sorts” facets with v after facets wo/ v .) 2/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. A shedding vertex v of a simplicial complex ∆ is such that no face of link ∆ v is a facet of ∆ \ v . Lemma: (Wachs) If v ∈ ∆ is a shedding vertex, and ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are shellable, then ∆ is shellable. Shelling : Shelling order of ∆ \ v followed by shelling of v ∗ link ∆ v . (So shedding vertex “sorts” facets with v after facets wo/ v .) A complex ∆ is vertex decomposable if it is a simplex or (recursively) has a shedding vertex v such that ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are vertex decomposable. 2/ 12
Shedding vertices and vertex decomposability Shellability is difficult to work with directly, so we usually use some tool to find shellings. A shedding vertex v of a simplicial complex ∆ is such that no face of link ∆ v is a facet of ∆ \ v . Lemma: (Wachs) If v ∈ ∆ is a shedding vertex, and ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are shellable, then ∆ is shellable. Shelling : Shelling order of ∆ \ v followed by shelling of v ∗ link ∆ v . (So shedding vertex “sorts” facets with v after facets wo/ v .) A complex ∆ is vertex decomposable if it is a simplex or (recursively) has a shedding vertex v such that ∆ \ v and link ∆ v are vertex decomposable. Vertex decomposable = ⇒ Shellable = ⇒ seq. Cohen-Macaulay 2/ 12
Table of contents Part 1: Graphs Part 2: Clutters
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. The independence complex of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the simplicial complex with: 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. The independence complex of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the simplicial complex with: Vertex set V and 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. The independence complex of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the simplicial complex with: Vertex set V and Face set { independent sets of G } . 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. The independence complex of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the simplicial complex with: Vertex set V and Face set { independent sets of G } . A complex is flag if it is the independence complex of some graph. 3/ 12
Basic notions A graph G = ( V , E ) is a simple graph, with no loops or multiedges. An independent set in G is a subset of vertices with no edges between them. That is, an independent set induces a totally disconnected subgraph. The independence complex of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the simplicial complex with: Vertex set V and Face set { independent sets of G } . A complex is flag if it is the independence complex of some graph. Approach: Examine graph theoretic properties of G and their consequences for the independence complex. 3/ 12
Basic notions – dictionary The closed neighborhood of a vertex v is N [ v ] = { v and all its neighbors } . 4/ 12
Basic notions – dictionary The closed neighborhood of a vertex v is N [ v ] = { v and all its neighbors } . Dictionary Simplicial complexes Graphs (Independence complex) 4/ 12
Basic notions – dictionary The closed neighborhood of a vertex v is N [ v ] = { v and all its neighbors } . Dictionary Simplicial complexes Graphs (Independence complex) link ∆ v = { F : F ∪ v a face } 4/ 12
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