Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Vectors Of Disease Arthropods - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Vectors Of Disease Arthropods - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 31, 2023 11 likes •1.06k views

Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Vectors Of Disease Arthropods Arachnids Ticks and Mites Acarina Insects Diptera Hemiptera Bugs Anoplura Siphonaptera Fleas Flies Lice Agents Transmitted By Vectors Viruses Rickettsia Bacteria

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Vector Borne Infectious Diseases

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Arthropods

Arachnids

Acarina

Insects

Diptera Hemiptera Anoplura Siphonaptera

Vectors Of Disease

Ticks and Mites Flies Lice Fleas Bugs

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Viruses Rickettsia Bacteria Protozoa helminths

Agents Transmitted By Vectors

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Agents Transmitted By Vectors:

Viruses

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More Than 600 Different Viruses Are Transmitted By Arthropods

Culex pipiens West Nile Virus

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Viruses

Yellow Fever Dengue Fever Rift Valley Fever Encephilidides:

Japanese Encephalitis Dengue Fever West Nile Encephalitis Eastern Equine Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalitis La Crosse Encephalitis

  • St. Louis Encephalitis

Diseases Transmitted By Arthropods

Rift Valley Fever Virus

Anopheles stevensi

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Agents Transmitted By Vectors: Rickettsia And Bacteria

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Bacteria And Rickettsia*

Rickettsia akari Rickettsia mooseri Rickettsia prowazokii Rickettsia rickettsia Rickettsia typhi Rickettsia tsutsugamuchi Ehrlichia sp Yersinia pestis Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis *Many are zoonotic infections

Xenopsyla cheopis Ixodes scapularis Soft Tick Hard Tick

Pediculus humanus humanus

Trombicula alfreddugesi

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Agents Transmitted By Vectors:

Protozoa

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Babesia microti Babesia divergens Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania chagasi Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum Leishmania major Leishmania mexicana (many subspecies) Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Protozoans

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Protozoans

Babesia microti Babesia divergens Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania chagasi Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum Leishmania major Leishmania mexicana (many subspecies) Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Phlebotomous papatasi

Anopheles dirus Anopheles freeborni Anopheles stevensi Dermacentor andersoni Glossina palpalis Rhodnius prolixus

Mosquitoes Kissing Bugs Ticks Sandflies Tsetse Flies

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Protozoans

Babesia microti Babesia divergens Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania chagasi Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum Leishmania major Leishmania mexicana (many subspecies) Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Photo: CDC

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Agents Transmitted By Vectors:

Helminths

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Helminths

Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Mansonella ozzardi Mansonella perstans Mansonella streptocerca Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa

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Helminths

Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Mansonella ozzardi Mansonella perstans Mansonella streptocerca Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa

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Helminths

Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Mansonella ozzardi Onchocerca volvulus Mansonella perstans Mansonella streptocerca Loa loa

Mosqitoes Biting Midges Tabanid Flies Blackflies

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Agents Transmitted By Vectors:

Viruses

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Dengue Fever

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Dengue Is On The Rise

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Distribution Of Dengue Transmission In Dhaka

Aedes aegypti

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Babesia microti Babesia divergens Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania chagasi Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum Leishmania major Leishmania mexicana (many subspecies) Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Protozoans

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The Malarias

Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

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Within The Last 100 years, As Many People Have Died Throughout The World From Malaria As Now Live Within The United States

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World Distribution Of Malaria

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Distribution Of Malaria In Bangladesh

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  • An. dirus
  • An. m inim us

An.philipinensis

  • An. sundaicus
  • An. aconitus
  • An. anularis
  • An. vagus

Dominant Mosquito Vector Species In Bangladesh

Anopheles dirus

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Distribution Of Malaria In Bhutan

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Exflagellation of the microgametocyte

  • f a malaria parasite
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Portion of an infected mosquito stomach. Note numerous oocysts on outer wall.

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The Sporozoite Stage Of Malaria

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Entry Of Sporozoites Into Parenchymal Cells Of The Liver

From: Ute Frevert NYU School of Medicine

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Exoerythrocytic stages of malaria in liver parenchymal cell

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Child infected with malaria, probably

  • P. malariae. Note enlarged spleen.
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Cerebral malaria: experimental infection in monkey

stain: tissue Giemsa

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TEM of RBC infected with Plasmodium falciparum

“Knobs” of histidine-rich protein. Points of attachment to endothelial cell

N = Nucleus; F = food vacuole

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Diagnosis

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Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum by blood smear

Gametocyte stage Signet Ring Stage

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Diagnosis of Plasmodium malariae by blood smear

Note infected RBC is about the same diameter as non-infected cells

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Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax by blood smear

Note infected RBC is larger in diameter than non-infected RBCs.

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Treatment

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Mefloquine Chloroquine Quinine

Drugs Of Choice:

  • A. Parent Compound
  • B. Older Derivative
  • C. Newer Derivative
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Drug-resistant Malaria

From: CDC

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Drug-resistant Malaria

Red - chloroquine resistant Green - chloroquine sensitive Black - chloroquine and mefloquine resisitant

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Artemesinin

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Leishmaniasis

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Co-distribution Of Leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS

Map: WHO

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Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica Leishmania major

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Macrophage With Two Promastigotes

Photo: K. P. Chang

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Feeding Sandfly

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Multiple Lesions Of Leishmania tropica

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Single Resolving Lesion Of Leishmania tropica

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Resolved Lesion Of Leishmania tropica

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“Chichlero’s” Ulcer

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Hepatosplenomegaly From Leishmania donovani

Photo: WHO

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Macrophage With Two Promastigotes

Photo: K. P. Chang

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Diagnosis

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Biopsy

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Photo: CDC

Bone Marrow Aspiration Stained With Giemsa

Amastigote Stage In Macrophage

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Culture Promastigotes In Insect Culture Medium

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Treatment

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Drug Of Choice: Sodium Stibogluconate And Derivatives

Antimony meglumine

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Post-Kala Azar Dermal Leishmanoid

Photo: F. Opperdos

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Filariasis

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Morbidity and Mortality

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Lymphatic Filariasis In South Asia

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Pathogenesis*

*or so we thought!

Live Worms 10 years Dead Worms

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Wolbachia sp. of bacteria cause the pathology associated with filariasis

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Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracelluar inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. In addition, nematodes, mites, and spiders harbor this symbiotic infection.

Wolbachia Info

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Diagnosis

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Drug of choice:

Ivermectin Mode of Action:

Blocks Cl(-) ion channels, inhibits -aminobutyric acid receptor complex.

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Vector Control

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Vaccine Development

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