Globalization of Infectious Diseases Globalization of Infectious - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Globalization of Infectious Diseases Globalization of Infectious - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 25, 2023 29 likes •536 views

Globalization of Infectious Diseases Globalization of Infectious Diseases Origin of Some Infectious Disease Agents Ebola West Nile Lassa Norwalk Coxsackie Lyme Hanta Ecological Factors Influencing the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

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Globalization of Infectious Diseases Globalization of Infectious Diseases

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Ebola West Nile Lassa Norwalk Coxsackie Lyme Hanta Origin of Some Infectious Disease Agents

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Ecological Factors Influencing

the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

Geography Geography Climate Climate Weather Weather Animal Migration Animal Migration Human Encroachment and Forced Migration Human Encroachment and Forced Migration Natural Disasters (floods, fire, hurricanes, etc.) Natural Disasters (floods, fire, hurricanes, etc.) Vector Biology Vector Biology

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To learn more, log on to: www.medicalecology.org

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Host-Agent Interactions Host-Agent Interactions

Contact with host - route of entry Dose - how many organisms does it take to infect? Frequency - how often must the host be exposed? Adherence - what are the host receptor molecules Adaptability of agent- e.g., antigenic variation, interference with host immune system

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Cholera

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Cholera Pandemics

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Then Then and Now and Now

Cholera Cholera

John Snow Rita Colwelm

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Distribution Of Estuaries

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Trophic Relationships Of The Mangrove Estuary

From: E. Odum Fundamentals Of Ecology

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Copepod

Cholera bacteria Cholera bacteria

Filter-feeding crustacea

Throw net fishing for crustacea after the monsoons in Bay of Bengal

Fecal contamination of freshwater and human activities

Ecology of Cholera Ecology of Cholera Epidemics Epidemics

Numbers increase during monsoons due to phytoplankton blooms

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Monsoons

  • 1. lower the salinity of the estuary
  • 2. bring nutrients to the estuary
  • 3. raise the ambient water temperature of the estuary
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Influenza Influenza

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Common and Not So Common Strains of the Influenza Virus H5N1 - 2004 “Avian” influenza All ages susceptible

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In 1918-1919, Influenza In 1918-1919, Influenza killed some killed some 40-100 million people, 40-100 million people, worldwide worldwide

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Influenza Virus:

Structure and Function

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Spread of Avian Influenza Virus

Courtfsy BBC

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Asian Waterfowl Flyways Asian Waterfowl Flyways

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Human Cases

Courtfsy BBC

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SLIDE 26 Courtesy Andrew Rosenblatt

Hanoi Chicken Farmer Going to Market

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???? ? + + + + What wilm happen next?

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World Air Routes

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Rabies Rabies

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World Distribution of Rabies

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Rabies vectors and carriers

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Vampire Bat rabies virus

Belma Belma Lugosi Lugosi: : Patson Saint of Patson Saint of alm bat species alm bat species

Did you know? 30% of all mammalian species are bats

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ProMed: Oct 27th, 2005 From: Luciano Goldani <rsf4805@via-rs.net> Hematophagous (vampire) bats are proliferating because of forest devastation in the state of Maranhao, northeastern Brazil. 20 cases of fatal rabies have been clinically documented. The population in the area is protecting their houses with wire nets to prevent bat bites.

  • Dr. Luciano Goldani

Infectious Diseases Unit Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

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Live virus vaccine in

  • ral baits
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Control of rabies by oral bait-vaccine

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Yellow Fever Yellow Fever

“A man, a plan, a canal. Panama”

Walter Reed

Distribution of Yellow Fever

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Panama Canal: Tie Early days

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Canopy Transmission Canopy Transmission By By Haemogogus Haemogogus sp. sp.

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Ecotone Ecology of Transmission Of Yellow Fever

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Occupations at High Risk

Rubber Coffee Sugar cane

Revolutionary

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African Trypanosomiasis

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East African Savanna

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West African River

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Riverine Tsetse and agriculture

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Civil Unrest and War - 2005

Liberia Côte-d’Ivoire Sudan Ethiopia Nigeria Sierra Leone Guinea Ghana Burundi Burkina Faso Cameroon Gambia Rwanda Swaziland Mauritania Zambia Central African Republic Namibia Democratic Republic of Congo

Refugees Cases Cases

  • 400,000/yr
  • 400,000/yr

Deaths Deaths

  • 60,000/yr
  • 60,000/yr
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What What’ ’s Next?? s Next??

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Without a global ecological perspective

  • n infectious disease transmission,

we will forever remain sitting ducks! Us Infectious diseases