UNIT I HEAVEN'S GATE & HARGOBIND KHORANA Vignana Bharathi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

UNIT I HEAVEN'S GATE & HARGOBIND KHORANA

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Ladakh – the land of high passes

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

An aerial view of high passes

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

The snow-capped mountains

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Kiang – The wild ass the Marmot

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

The two-humped bactrian camels

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

The forest beauty 'Otherworldly and highly magical'

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

A view from Namgyal Peak

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

The willow tree

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

The apricot tree

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Life in Ladakh

Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Traditionally attired Ladakhi women Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Diskit Gompa, the Buddhist monastery

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Barley & Wheat crops in Ladakh

Heaven’s Gate

cultivated with glacial snowmelt Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

The Silk Route

History of India has been inescapably intermingled with the history of Babylon (Persia, Iran, Syria). The Silk Routes (collectively known as the "Silk Road") were important paths for cultural, commercial and technological exchange between traders, merchants, pilgrims, missionaries, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers fom Ancient China, Ancient India, Ancient Tibet, Persia and Mediterranean countries for almost 3,000 years. It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE).

Extending 4,000 miles (6,500 km), the routes enabled people to transport goods, especially luxuries such as slaves, silk, satin and

• ther fine fabrics, musk, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels,

glassware and even rhubarb. It also served as a conduit for the spread of knowledge, ideas, cultures and diseases between different parts of the world (Ancient China, Ancient India (Indus valley, now Pakistan), Asia Minor and the Mediterranean). Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development

• f

the great civilizations of China, India, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rome.

Heaven’s Gate

Tse Chu festival

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Tse Chu festival

Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Tse Chu festival

Tsechu (literally "day ten") are annual religious festivals held in each district or of Bhutan on the tenth day of a month of the lunar calendar. The month depends on the place, but usually is around the time of October. Tsechus are religious festivals

• f Buddhism.

The Thimpu tsechu and the Paro tsechu are among the biggest of the tsechus in terms of participation and audience. Tsechus are large social gatherings, which perform the function of social bonding among people of remote and spread-out villages. Large markets also congregate at the fair locations, leading to brisk commerce.

Heaven’s Gate

A bejeweled Ladakhi woman The traditional game of Archery

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Helena Norberg-Hodge is an analyst of the impact of the global economy

• n cultures and agriculture worldwide, a pioneer of the localisation

movement, and the articulator of the core ideas of Counter-development. She is producer and co-director of the award-winning documentary, The Economics of Happiness and is the founder and director of the International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC).

Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in English, Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Ladakhi. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to UNESCO, the World Bank and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities.

She also teaches regularly at Schumacher College in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localisation issues.

Objectives of the Lesson

• Siddharth Pico Ragahvan Iyer shares his travel experiences.
• Description of Ladakh’s religion and gompas.
• The culture, heritage and local festivals of Ladakh.
• The revenue and income sources of Ladakh.
• Ladakhi crops, cultivation and their varieties of food.
• The transformation of Ladakhi life style with the impact of

foreign tourist and western culture.

Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Important Points

• Padmasambhava brought Tantric Buddhism to Tibet.
• The Indian reformer Padmasambhava belonged to

the eighteenth century.

• Ladakh is the highest motorable pass in the world.
• Ladakh has been one of the most cosmopolitan posts in the

Himalayasfor centuries through which traders used to transport Silk, Indigo,Gold and Opium. Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Important Points

• Tsewang Dorje is a young, urbane travel agency manager, whom

the author met in Ladakh.

• Lamp post of Leh says “say no to polythene”
• Ladakh’s fashion conscious teenagers are all fluent in every verse of

‘Hotel California’.

• One day, the author found musicians sitting on the ground among

the poplars.

• Pico Iyer said ‘Ladakh is a way to retrieve something lost, sustaining

within us that, which once experienced, comes to seem as contemporary, as invigorating, as tomorrow’.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Important Points The author’s account of ladakh is based on - his visit to the place At 15,000 feet, Leh looks like - a snow-covered field Ladakh borders - Tibet and Pakistan The name Ladakh means - the land of high passes Preparing traditional Ladakhi food is not easy because - the ingredients are expensive

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate

Hargobind Khorana

An Indian-American molecular

• biologist. He shared the Nobel

prize with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg in 1968 for his work on the interpretation

• f

the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. (January 9, 1922 - 2011)

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Marshall Nirenberg

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

 American biochemist Marshall Nirenberg

won the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology

• r Medicine.

 His independent investigation into the

genetic code revealed how different combinations of bases within amino acids instruct cells to build protein.

Marshall Nirenberg

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Robert Holley

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Robert Holley

 American biochemist Robert Holley won the 1968

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

 Holley was the first person to uncover the internal

structure of nucleic acid, a basic constituent of genetic material.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar



Nucleotide

A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA). DNA and RNA are polymers of many nucleotides. A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. A subunit of DNA or RNA, consisting of one chemical base plus a phosphate molecule and a sugar molecule.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Nucleoside

The constituent purine or pyrimidine bases of DNA or RNA with their corresponding deoxyribose or ribose sugars. A compound (as guanosine or adenosine) that consists

• f a purine or pyrimidine base combined with

deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in DNA

• r RNA.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Nucleic acid A large molecule composed of nucleotide subunits. Any of various acids (as an RNA or a DNA) composed of nucleotide chains. Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and viruses. The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins. A related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that participate in protein synthesis.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the

Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year.

Khorana became a naturalized citizen of the United

States in 1966.

Lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States

until very recently serving as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

• 1. Khorana was born in a little village Raipur, part of West Pakistan, in British India
• 2. Khorana’s date of birth is unknown but official documents show it as 9th Jan, 1922.
• 3. Khorana’s father was a Patwari, a village agricultural taxation clerk.
• 4. Khorana completed his schooling in D.A.V.High Schol, Multan (Pakistan)
• 5. Ratan Lal was one of his inspiring school teachers who influenced him greatly.
• 6. Khorana obtained his M.Sc. from Panjab University.
• 7. Mr. Mahan Singh was Khorana’s great teacher, accurate experimentalist,

and his supervisor in Panjab University.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

• 8. Khorana studied his Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England
• 9. ROGER J. S. Beer was Khorana’s supervisor in his Ph.D.
• 10. Khorana spent a year at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich with

Professor Vladmir Prelog for doing postdoctoral work.

• 11. Khorana stayed in Cambridge from 1950 till 1952.
• 12. He started his research on nucleic acids during the fellowship at the university.
• 13. Khorana was offered a job by Dr. Gordon M. Shrum of British Columbia in 1952.
• 14. Hargobind later held fellowships and professorships in Switzerland at the Swiss

Federal Institute of Technology and the Universities of British Columbia and Wisconsin.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

• 15. Khorana joined the Institute for Enzyme Research at the University of

Wisconsin in 1960.

• 16. Khorana corroborated Nirenberg’s findings in 1960’s.
• 17. Khorana shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1968.
• 18. Khorana shared the Nobel Prize with Marshall W. Nirenberg and

Robert W. Holley

• 19. The three scientists received the Nobel prize in 1968 for their interpretation
• f the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
• 20. They delivered their Nobel lecture on Dec, 12, 1968.
• 21. Khorana made his contribution to genetics in 1970.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

• 22. Khorana got married in 1952 to Esther Elizabeth Sibler who is of Swiss origin.
• 23. Khorana and his team developed the first artificial copy of a yeast gene
• 24. Khorana joined as the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

United States as Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and chemistry, Emeritus in 1971.

• 25. In 1976 Khorana led the team first synthesized a biologically active gene.
• 26. Dr. Khorana’s invention of oligonucleotides has become indispensable tool in

biotechnology.

• 27. Khorana showed that some of the codons prompt the cell to start or stop the

manufacture of proteins.

• 28. Khorana died in November 2011 and worked almost until his death in

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States as Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and chemistry, Emeritus.

Hargobind Khorana

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar