UNIT I HEAVEN'S GATE & HARGOBIND KHORANA Vignana Bharathi - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar UNIT I HEAVEN'S GATE & HARGOBIND KHORANA

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Ladakh – the land of high passes

Heaven’s Gate An aerial view of high passes Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Heaven’s Gate The snow-capped mountains Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Kiang – The wild ass the Marmot

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate The two-humped bactrian camels

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate The forest beauty 'Otherworldly and highly magical'

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate A view from Namgyal Peak

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate The willow tree

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate The apricot tree

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Life in Ladakh

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Traditionally attired Ladakhi women

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Diskit Gompa, the Buddhist monastery

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Barley & Wheat crops in Ladakh cultivated with glacial snowmelt

The Silk Route

History of India has been inescapably intermingled with the history of Babylon (Persia, Iran, Syria). The Silk Routes (collectively known as the "Silk Road") were important paths for cultural, commercial and technological exchange between traders, merchants, pilgrims, missionaries, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers fom Ancient China, Ancient India, Ancient Tibet, Persia and Mediterranean countries for almost 3,000 years. It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE).

Extending 4,000 miles (6,500 km), the routes enabled people to transport goods, especially luxuries such as slaves, silk, satin and other fine fabrics, musk, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels, glassware and even rhubarb. It also served as a conduit for the spread of knowledge, ideas, cultures and diseases between different parts of the world (Ancient China, Ancient India (Indus valley, now Pakistan), Asia Minor and the Mediterranean). Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, India, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rome.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Tse Chu festival

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Tse Chu festival

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Tse Chu festival

Tsechu (literally "day ten") are annual religious festivals held in each district or of Bhutan on the tenth day of a month of the lunar calendar. The month depends on the place, but usually is around the time of October. Tsechus are religious festivals of Buddhism. The Thimpu tsechu and the Paro tsechu are among the biggest of the tsechus in terms of participation and audience. Tsechus are large social gatherings, which perform the function of social bonding among people of remote and spread-out villages. Large markets also congregate at the fair locations, leading to brisk commerce.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate A bejeweled Ladakhi woman The traditional game of Archery

Helena Norberg-Hodge is an analyst of the impact of the global economy on cultures and agriculture worldwide, a pioneer of the localisation movement, and the articulator of the core ideas of Counter-development. She is producer and co-director of the award-winning documentary, The Economics of Happiness and is the founder and director of the International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC).

Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in English, Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Ladakhi. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to UNESCO, the World Bank and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities. She also teaches regularly at Schumacher College in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localisation issues.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Objectives of the Lesson • Siddharth Pico Ragahvan Iyer shares his travel experiences. • Description of Ladakh’s religion and gompas. • The culture, heritage and local festivals of Ladakh. • The revenue and income sources of Ladakh. • Ladakhi crops, cultivation and their varieties of food. • The transformation of Ladakhi life style with the impact of foreign tourist and western culture.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Important Points • Padmasambhava brought Tantric Buddhism to Tibet. • The Indian reformer Padmasambhava belonged to the eighteenth century . • Ladakh is the highest motorable pass in the world. • Ladakh has been one of the most cosmopolitan posts in the Himalayasfor centuries through which traders used to transport Silk, Indigo,Gold and Opium.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Important Points • Tsewang Dorje is a young, urbane travel agency manager, whom the author met in Ladakh. • Lamp post of Leh says “ say no to polythene” • Ladakh’s fashion conscious teenagers are all fluent in every verse of ‘Hotel California’. • One day, the author found musicians sitting on the ground among the poplars. • Pico Iyer said ‘Ladakh is a way to retrieve something lost, sustaining within us that, which once experienced, comes to seem as contemporary, as invigorating, as tomorrow’.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Heaven’s Gate Important Points The author’s account of ladakh is based on - his visit to the place At 15,000 feet, Leh looks like - a snow-covered field Ladakh borders - Tibet and Pakistan The name Ladakh means - the land of high passes Preparing traditional Ladakhi food is not easy because - the ingredients are expensive

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Hargobind Khorana An Indian-American molecular biologist. He shared the Nobel prize with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. (January 9, 1922 - 2011)

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Marshall Nirenberg

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Marshall Nirenberg  American biochemist Marshall Nirenberg won the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.  His independent investigation into the genetic code revealed how different combinations of bases within amino acids instruct cells to build protein.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Robert Holley

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Robert Holley  American biochemist Robert Holley won the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.  Holley was the first person to uncover the internal structure of nucleic acid, a basic constituent of genetic material.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Hargobind Khorana DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Hargobind Khorana  Nucleotide A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA). DNA and RNA are polymers of many nucleotides. A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. A subunit of DNA or RNA, consisting of one chemical base plus a phosphate molecule and a sugar molecule.

Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Aushapur, Ghatkesar Hargobind Khorana Nucleoside The constituent purine or pyrimidine bases of DNA or RNA with their corresponding deoxyribose or ribose sugars. A compound (as guanosine or adenosine) that consists of a purine or pyrimidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in DNA or RNA.