A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN A RCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS S PRING 2018 lecture two structural systems, planning and design AISC teaching aids: Courtesy of John Hooper, MKA Seattle Systems & Planning 1 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Project Systems & Planning 2 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Structural Organization • classifications – geometry • line-forming • surface-forming – stiffness • rigid • flexible – one-way or two-way • spatial organization and load transfer – materials Systems & Planning 3 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Structural Components • bearing walls • columns • beams • flat plates • trusses • arches • shells • cables Systems & Planning 4 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Bearing Walls Systems & Planning 5 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Bearing Walls • behavior as “deep beams” Systems & Planning 6 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Columns & Walls Systems & Planning 7 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Beams & Plates Systems & Planning 8 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Beams & Plates Systems & Planning 9 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Trusses and Shells Systems & Planning 10 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Arches and Cables Systems & Planning 11 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Building Framing • Components or Assemblages Systems & Planning 12 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Building Framing Systems & Planning 13 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
System Selection • evaluation of alternatives Systems & Planning 14 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
System Selection Systems & Planning 15 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Structural Design Criteria • components stay together • structure acts as whole to be stable – resist sliding – resist overturning – resist twisting and distortion • internal stability – interconnectedness • strength & stiffness Systems & Planning 16 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Structural Design Sequences • first-order design – structural type and organization – design intent – contextual or programmatic • second-order – structural strategies – material choice – structural systems • third-order – member shaping & sizing Systems & Planning 17 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Systems by Materials • Wood • Steel • Concrete • Masonry • Composite Systems & Planning 18 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Timber Construction • all-wood framing systems – studs, beams, floor diaphragms, shearwalls – glulam arches & frames – post & beams – trusses • composite construction – masonry shear walls – concrete – steel Systems & Planning 19 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Timber Construction • studs, beams • floor diaphragms & shear walls Systems & Planning 20 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Timber Construction • glulam arches & frames – manufactured or custom shapes – glue laminated – bigger members Systems & Planning 21 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Timber Construction • post & beam • trusses Systems & Planning 22 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Timber Construction • composite construction Systems & Planning 23 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Steel • cast iron – wrought iron - steel • cables • columns • beams • trusses • frames http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems & Planning 24 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Steel Construction • standard rolled shapes • open web joists • plate girders • decking Systems & Planning 25 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Steel Construction • welding • bolts Systems & Planning 26 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Steel Construction • fire proofing – cementicious spray – encasement in gypsum – intumescent – expands with heat – sprinkler system Systems & Planning 27 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Concrete • columns • beams • slabs • domes • footings http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems & Planning 28 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Concrete Construction • cast-in-place • tilt-up • prestressing • post-tensioning http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Systems & Planning 29 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Concrete Floor Systems • types & spanning direction Systems & Planning 30 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Concrete Floor Systems Systems & Planning 31 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Masonry • columns • beams • arches • walls • footings Systems & Planning 32 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Grids and Patterns • often adopted early in design – give order – cellular, ex. • vertical and horizontal • square and rectangular – single-cell – aggregated bays Systems & Planning 33 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Grids and Patterns Systems & Planning 34 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Systems • total of components • behavior of whole • classifications – one-way – two-way – tubes – braced – unbraced Systems & Planning 35 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
One-Way Systems • horizontal vs. vertical Systems & Planning 36 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Two-Way Systems • spanning system less obvious • horizontal – plates – slabs – space frames • vertical – columns – walls Systems & Planning 37 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Two-Way Systems Systems & Planning 38 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Roof Shapes • coincide • within Systems & Planning 39 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Tubes & Cores • stiffness Systems & Planning 40 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Span Lengths • crucial in selection of system • maximum spans on charts aren’t absolute limits, but usual maximums • increase L, increase depth 2 required (ex. cantilever) • deflections depend on L Systems & Planning 41 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Approximate Depths Systems & Planning 42 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Loading Type and Structure Type • light uniform loads – surface forming elements – those that pick up first load dictate spacing of other elements • heavy concentrated loads – member design unique • distributed vs. concentrated structural strategies – large beam vs. many smaller ones Systems & Planning 43 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • lateral stability – all directions Systems & Planning 44 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • configuration Systems & Planning 45 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • vertical load resistance walls columns Systems & Planning 46 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • lateral load resistance Systems & Planning 47 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • lateral load resistance Systems & Planning 48 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • multi-story – cores, tubes, braced frames Systems & Planning 49 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Design Issues • multi-story – avoid discontinuities • vertically • horizontally Systems & Planning 50 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Foundation Influence • type may dictate fit – piles vs. mats vs. spread – capacity of soil to sustain loads • high capacity – smaller area of bearing needing and can spread out • low capacity – multiple contacts and big distribution areas Systems & Planning 51 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
Grid Dependency on Floor Height • wide grid = deep beams – increased building height – heavier – foundation design • codes and zoning may limit • utilize depth for mechanical Systems & Planning 52 Architectural Structures S2018abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331
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