Estimating probability of fatalities in long tunnels with FDS and 1D human behavior FCC Study Case Oriol RIOS, Art ARNALICH, Saverio LA MENDOLA HSE-OHS-XP 02-October - 2018 FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 2 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
*and technical galleries What’s CERN? Since 1954 22 member states ~600 universities ~100 km underground tunnels* with one-of-a-kind equipment ~5000 members of personnel Two official FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 3 ~5000 associate members languages O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Underground tunnels at CERN 27km length 5 km FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 4 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Future Circular Collider. FCC project In numbers ~ 98km ~ 300-500 m underground ~ 6-10km between shafts FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 5 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
PBD process: FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 6 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Fire induced radiological hazard (to environment, to Safety Objectives evacuees or interveners) is not in this study scope. Research in progress: FIRIA project. Continuity of Life Environment Property operation A B C D 1 Occupants shall be able to Limit the release of polluting The continuity of essential Limiting the downtime evacuate through protected areas, (incl. activated) agents to the services and structural stability in case of incident free from smoke/gas and other environment in case of is assured in case of fire or gas hazards at any time incident release and other incidents 2 Victims and other occupants, not Limit the volume of polluted An incident shall not cause - able to self-evacuate, shall reach (incl. activated) water other potentially dangerous protected areas, and wait there to released to the environment accidental events be rescued by the intervention in case of incidents teams 3 Rescue teams shall be able to - Limiting the property loss in - intervene safely and according to case of incident current CERN SOPs FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 7 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 8 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Acceptance Criteria (for Life Safety Objectives) • Occupants 02 Any victim outside the fire compartment of the seat of the fire has reasonable opportunity of not reaching a Occupants shall be able to evacuate FED>0.1 before being rescued by intervention teams through protected areas, free from smoke/gas and other hazards at any time 03 Within the fire compartment of the seat of the fire, • Victims any of the two following criteria is met: Victims and other occupants, not able to 03a Fire compartment size and layout is such that there is a self-evacuate, shall reach protected areas, and wait there to be rescued by reasonable opportunity of not having a victim in the the intervention teams interior • Firefighters 03b Any victim has a reasonable opportunity of not Rescue teams shall be able to intervene reaching a FED>0.3 before being rescued by intervention safely and according to current CERN teams SOPs FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 9 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
PBD process: FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 10 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Scenarios and Fire Designs DRUM CABLE TRAY • Those 3 scenarios are considered to be more representatives ones • Only fire scenarios are considered. • Fire Scenarios resulting from explosions KUKA are not accounted for. FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 11 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
3.1 Fire designs: Enveloping cases Fire#3 - Kuka Fire Fire#2 – Drum Fire Fire#1 - Tray Fire 9000 9000 9000 8000 8000 8000 7000 7000 7000 6000 6000 6000 HRR [kW] HRR [kW] HRR [kW] 5000 5000 5000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time [min] Time [min] Time [min] Fire#2 and Fire#3 have If compartmentation works, with current ventilation system same growth up to 8min! HRR max < 5MW (ventilation limited) In all cases, the fire is assumed to be located at 1/3 of the length of the compartment FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 12 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Geometry and safety measures Baseline Safety Features • Fire compartment = 440m • Smoke extraction • Air supply FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 13 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Ventilation: Proposed Strategy Normal Ventilation Condition Normal Ventilation Condition Uo=~ 0.5 FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 14 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Ventilation: Proposed Strategy When Fire is detected in a compartment Smoke Exhaust: 14k m 3 /h > 3500 m 3 /h > 7000 m 3 /h > 3500 m 3 /h + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ~7000 m 3 /h ~3500 m 3 /h 2080m 3 /h ~3500 3 /h 2080m 3 /h • 3 compartment doors closes (fire compartment and neighbours) • Air inlets remain as normal condition. • All arc outlets close, except for: • 4 in the fire compartment • 2 in adjacent compartments • Exhaust duct extracts total flow of 14000m 3 /h (~1/3 of nominal fans power) • Overpressure created in neighbouring compartments • Normal longitudinal ventilation in all other compartments (or not, not influence) • Fast reaction. Only action dampers in the fire compartment. Duct under pressured. FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 15 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
FDS set up 1 Compartment (440m) modelled OUTPUTS ~ 𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 ∙ 𝟐𝟏 𝟕 cells Slide Files - Temperature HPC to get reasonable - Velocity computational times Vertical Trees - Temperature Center of the walking lane - O 2 - CO - Visibility - FED 2m from floor 44 trees, 9 vertical positions Δ z = 0.4m Δ x = 10m FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 16 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Visibility Model & Human Behavior Human Speed Yields of toxic and asphyxiants Reduced velocity due to visibility Soot Yield = 0.1 Hyperventilation 1, 𝑌 𝑑𝑝2 < 2% 𝑤 𝑑𝑝2 = 𝑓 𝑑𝑝2/5 , 𝑌 𝑑𝑝2 < 2% Unimpeded Human speed, 𝑤 𝑝 = 1 m/s Walking speed as a function of visibility by Fridolf et al (2016). 𝑤 ′ = 0.34𝑊 + 0.31 𝑑𝑝𝑠 = min(𝑤 ′ , 𝑤 𝑝 ) 𝑊 As: ISO/TS 13571(International Standards, 2012, Purser, 2008) S. Arias, E, Ronchi, Lund University FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
t Start of Fire fighter intervention t in t End of evacuation t e e Ongoing evacuation t Detection, alarm on, ventilation off v t Ignition d Hot Fire detection deactivated (IS37) Active fire works detection v t i = 0 x FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 18 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Berlin Baseline . Det. 510s. No supply. Emergency extraction 300s to ramp up. FIRE#2 and FIRE#3 001_FCC_20cm_23msh_200ptv_510det_300t2ev_1sh_devc_noLeak Detection Smoke propagates Door Closes to next compartment Exhaust Starts downstream!!! FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 19 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Visibility and Temperature: Fire#3 Life Safety objective met ! FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
03 Within the fire compartment of the seat of the fire, any of the two following criteria is met: Victims: FED calculations 03a Fire compartment size and layout is such that there is a reasonable opportunity of not having a victim in the interior 03b Any victim has a reasonable opportunity of not reaching a FED>0.3 before being rescued by intervention teams 1 2 FED calculations Visibility at Z=0.4m 𝐺𝐹𝐸 𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑚 = 𝐺𝐹𝐸 𝑑𝑝 + 𝐺𝐹𝐸 𝐷𝑂 + 𝐺𝐹𝐸 𝑂𝑃 𝑦 × 𝐼𝑊 𝐷𝑃 2 +𝐺𝐹𝐸 𝑃 2 CO intoxication O 2 ODH CO 2 hyperventilation Further knowledge of combustion material not available FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 21 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Extrapolation required 𝑮𝑭𝑬 𝒖 = 𝒃𝒇 𝒄(𝒖−𝒖 𝒑 ) 𝒖 𝒑 → 𝑮𝑭𝑬 𝒖 𝟏 > 𝟐𝒇 − 𝟐𝟕 Different t o Extremely good fitting! (data coming from CFD model...) FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 22 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Fire#2 Fire#3 Fire#1 FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 23 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Victims rescue by fire fighter . . n victims... . FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 24 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Fire Fighting Victims rescue Operation Speed Blind progression 0.8m/s Carrying victim 0.26m/s SPS Fire Safety Study Group / Firefighting Tactical Approach , July 2015 Rescue mask considered! FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 25 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Fire Fighting Victims rescue T Show Up [min] Case 15 FF ready at the bottom of each shaft (LTS, ST) 30 FF on each shaft (surface) 60 FF every two shaft (surface) FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 26 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
On FED distribution 𝐌𝐩𝐡𝐎𝐩𝐬𝐧𝐛𝐦(𝝂 = 𝟏, 𝝉 = 𝟐) Meaning FED P dying* 0.1 1% 0.3 11% 1 50% 2 76% 3 86% 4 92% *or being incapacitated FEMTC-2018. Gaithersburg, MD, USA 27 O. Rios, A. Arnalich, S. La Mendola
Recommend
More recommend
