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■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤

❉❛✈✐❞ ❲❤❛❧❧❡②

Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②

◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✼✱ ✷✵✶✺

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❲❤② ❙❤♦✉❧❞ ❨♦✉ ❈❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡ ▼❙ ❚❤❡s✐s ❖♣t✐♦♥❄

❋✐♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♦r ♥♦t ②♦✉ ❧✐❦❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♠❛② ❤✐r❡ ②♦✉ ❛s ❛ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛ss✐st❛♥t✳ ❨♦✉ ♠❛② ❧❛t❡r ❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ ♣✉rs✉❡ ❛ P❤❉✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❥♦❜ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❆r❡❛s

❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥s P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦♦❧s ❲❈❊❚ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ❊♥❡r❣② ❊✣❝✐❡♥t Pr♦❝❡ss♦r ❉❡s✐❣♥

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❈✉rr❡♥t Pr♦❥❡❝ts

❞❡♠❛♥❞✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢✉s✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❋❧♦✇ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s

❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ✉♥❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❥✉♠♣s ❜② ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡s ❜② ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ❝♦❛❧❡s❝✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤❡s ✐♥t♦ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t ❥✉♠♣s ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❜② ❜r❛♥❝❤ r❡♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♠❡r❣✐♥❣

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥

r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ st❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❝♦❞❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❢❛st ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡✲t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❈♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦♦❧s

❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢♦r t✉♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❲❈❊❚ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥

❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✇♦rst✲❝❛s❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❝❤✐♥❣ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✇♦rst✲❝❛s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❧♦♦♣ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t✐❣❤t❡r t✐♠✐♥❣ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❲❈❊❚

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥

t✉♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ♦❢ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢❛st s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡s ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦r❞❡r s❡❛r❝❤ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ t✉♥✐♥❣ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣✲♣♦✐♥t ❦❡r♥❡❧s

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❊♥❡r❣② ❊✣❝✐❡♥t Pr♦❝❡ss♦r ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❋❡t❝❤

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❘❡❣✐st❡r ❋✐❧❡ ✭■❘❋✮ ▲♦♦❦❛❤❡❛❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❋❡t❝❤ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ✭▲■❋❊✮

P✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣

❙t❛t✐❝ P✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣ ✭❙P✮

❉❛t❛ ❆❝❝❡ss

❚❛❣❧❡ss ❆❝❝❡ss ❇✉✛❡r ✭❚❆❇✮ ❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❚❛❣ ❆❝❝❡ss ✭❙❚❆✮ ❊❛r❧② ▲♦❛❞ ❉❛t❛ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭❊▲❉✸✮ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ❋✐❧t❡r ❈❛❝❤❡ ✭P❉❋❈✮ ❈♦♥t❡①t✲❆✇❛r❡ ▲♦❛❞s ❛♥❞ ❙t♦r❡s Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❲❛② ❍❛❧t✐♥❣

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ■♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠s

■t ✐s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧♦✐t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✐♥ ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✭■▲P✮ ❞❛t❛✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✭❉▲P✮ t❤r❡❛❞✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✭❚▲P✮

❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s

❊①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ t♦ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❉✐✣❝✉❧t ❛♥❞ ✉♥r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ t♦ r❡✇r✐t❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦rt✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠s

❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ s❡t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡❛❝❤ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s✳ ❯s❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

Pr♦❝❡❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉ts t♦✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉ts✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❢❡t❝❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✳

❍❛s t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①tr❛❝t ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✲▲❡✈❡❧ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✭■▲P✮ r❡q✉✐r❡s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ❢❡t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♥❣ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ■▲P r❡q✉✐r❡s ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ■▲P t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❛♥s ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡❛❝❤❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❡①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ■▲P ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ❈♦❧❧❛♣s✐♥❣

❙♣❡❡❞✉♣ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ■▲P ✐s ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❞✐❝t❛t❡❞ ❜② ❆♠❞❛❤❧✬s ❧❛✇✳ ❚❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❢♦r ■▲P ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣❛t❤ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ❈♦❧❧❛♣s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❡✐❣❤t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣❛t❤ s❤r✐♥❦s t❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆♠❞❛❤❧✬s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❡❞s ✉♣ ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s r❡❣❛r❞❧❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❆▲❯ ❈❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❋✉s✐♥❣

❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❝❝✉rs ✇❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❆▲❯ r❡s✉❧t ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥♣✉t t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❆▲❯✳ ❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❜② st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❆▲❯ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❆▲❯ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✜♥✐s❤❡❞✳ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢✉s✐♥❣ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s t✇♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣✳

in3 in1 in2

• ut2
• ut1

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❋✉s✐♥❣

cycle 1: cycle 2: cycle 3: cycle 4:

• 1. r13=r2+r3;
• 2. r13=r13−r4;
• 3. r13=r13+r5;
• 6. r1=r13−r6;
• 4. r14=r7+r8;
• 5. r6=r14−r9;
• 7. r15=r11−r12;
• 8. r10=r15+r14;

1 2 3 6 5 4 7 8 (b) DAG Representing Instruction Dependences

• 1. r13=r2+r3;
• 2. r13=r13−r4;
• 3. r13=r13+r5;
• 7. r15=r11−r12;
• 8. r10=r15+r14;

(a) Unscheduled Instructions

• 4. r14=r7+r8;
• 5. r6=r14−r9;
• 6. r1=r13−r6;

cycle 1: cycle 2:

• 1. r13=r2+r3;
• 3. r13=r13+r5;
• 2. r13=r13−r4;
• 6. r1=r13−r6;
• 4. r14=r7+r8;
• 7. r15=r11−r12; 8. r10=r15+r14;
• 5. r6=r14−r9;

(c) Traditional Multi−Issue Scheduling of Independent Instructions (d) Multi−Issue Scheduling with Instruction Fusing

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❖♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ▼♦r❡ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❆▲❯ ❈❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣

❍❛✈❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ❢✉s✐♥❣ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦✉t✲♦❢✲♦r❞❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ✐♥ ❛ ❧❛③② ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♦r ♥♦t t❤❡ ❢✉s❡❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣❛t❤✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❋♦r♠s ♦❢ ❆▲❯ ❈❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣

❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆▲❯ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❝❝✉rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♦♥❧② t✇♦ ❆▲❯ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡❞✳

in1 in2 in3

• ut1
• ut2

in2 in3 in1 in4

• ut1
• ut2
• ut3

(a) conventional fusion (b) wide consumer fusion

in3 in4 in1 in2

• ut1
• ut2
• ut3

in1 in2 in3 in4

• ut1
• ut2
• ut3

(d) deep fusion (c) wide producer fusion

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❋✉s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼✉❧t✐❝②❝❧❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s

❋✉s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐❝②❝❧❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥t❡❣❡r ♠✉❧t✐♣❧②✱ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❋P ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✮ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ▼❛♥② ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐❝②❝❧❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧②✲❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t r❡q✉✐r❡ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ ♦♣❝♦❞❡✳ ❋✉s✐♥❣ ❋P ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♠❛②✿

❛✈♦✐❞ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❧❧♦✇ ❝❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥t✐ss❛s ♦❢ ❋P ✈❛❧✉❡s

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

◆♦♥✲❇❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❇❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❋✉s✐♥❣

3 5 4 6 8 7 2 (b) DAG Representing Instruction Dependences 1

• 2. r14=r1−r4;
• 3. r15=r6+r5;
• 7. r19=r16−r17;
• 8. r20=r19+r18;
• 4. r16=r14+r8;
• 5. r17=r7−r10;
• 6. r18=r15−r2;
• 1. r13=r2+r3;

(a) Instructions 2 7 4 8 5 3 6 (c) Useless 1 Conventional Fusion 2 7 4 8 5 3 6 Producer Fusion 1 (d) Wide 7 5 2 4 8 3 6 Fusion 1 (e) Deep 2 7 4 8 5 3 6 1 (f) Wide Producer Consumer Fusion and Wide 7 2 5 4 8 3 6 Fusion Again 1 (g) Deep

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❖t❤❡r ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤

❆♥♥♦t❛t❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢✉s✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✳ ❊①♣❧♦r❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢✉s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ st❛t✐❝❛❧❧② s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ ✭❱▲■❲✮ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✳ ❈❛♥ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❝❧♦❝❦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❢✉s✐♦♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❊♥❡r❣② ❊✣❝✐❡♥t Pr♦❝❡ss♦r ❉❡s✐❣♥

◆❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳

❊①t❡♥❞ ❜❛tt❡r② ❧✐❢❡ ❢♦r ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ s②st❡♠s✳ ❘❡❞✉❝❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❤❡❛t ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳ ❊♥❡r❣② ❝♦st ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣✳

Pr❡❢❡r ♥♦t t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡❧② ✐♠♣❛❝t ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

▲✶ ❉❛t❛ ❈❛❝❤❡s ❆r❡ ❊♥❡r❣② ■♥❡✣❝✐❡♥t

▼♦st ▲✶ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛❝❤❡s ✉s❡ ❛ s❡t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ♠✐ss r❛t❡✳ ❋♦r ❧♦❛❞s ❛❧❧ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛②s ❛r❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ st❛❧❧s ✇✐t❤ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ r❡s✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❛t ♠♦st ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥ ✇❛②s✦

SRAM-ACCESS DTLB TAG-0 TAG-n-1 DATA-0 DATA-n-1 = = Format Data Way Select Forward Data Writeback ADDR-GEN A G U Base Address Displacement Execution Units Register File Other Forwarding DATA-FORMATTING

extend

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

▼❡♠♦r② ❆❝❝❡ss ▼✐❝r♦ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s

❆ ♠❡♠♦r② ❛❝❝❡ss ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠✐❝r♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❉❚▲❇ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❡ t♦ ❛❝❝❡ss ♠❡♠♦r② ✭P❆▼✮ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳

(a) Conventional Micro Operations r3=M[r4]; r4=sp+72; L1:

• 1. va=r4+0;
• 2. pa=dtlb_access(va);
• 3. way=tag_check(pa);
• 4. r3=data_access(pa,way);

r5=r5+r3; r4=r4+4; PC=r4!=r8,L1; r4=sp+72; [pam]

• 2. pa=dtlb_access(va);
• 3. way=tag_check(pa);

r3=M[r4]; L1:

• 4. r3=data_access(pa,way);

r5=r5+r3;

• 3. way=tag_check(pa);
• 2. pa=dtlb_access(va);

r4=r4+4; [pam] PC=r4!=r8,L1; (b) Decoupled Micro Operations

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❣❡s ✇✐t❤ P❆▼ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s

❆ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥✲♦r❞❡r ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ st❛❣❡s✳

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❣❡s ❆▲❯ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ▼❊▼ ❲❇

❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ s♣❧✐t t❤❡ ▼❊▼ st❛❣❡ ✐♥t♦ ❚❈ ✭❉❚▲❇ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❝❤❡❝❦✮ ❛♥❞ ❉❆ ✭❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss✮ st❛❣❡s✳

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❣❡s ❆▲❯ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ❲❇ ♣❛♠ ❆▲❯ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ❚❈✰❲❇ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❉❆ ❲❇ ♣❛♠ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❉❆ ❚❈✰❲❇ st♦r❡ ✐♥st ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❉❆

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡

❚❤❡ ♣❛♠ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❛t ❧❡❛st t✇♦ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♦♥❧② ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛rr❛② t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞✳ ▲♦❛❞✲❞❡❧❛② ❤❛③❛r❞s ❛r❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡❞✳

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✶✳ ❛❞❞r ❝❛❧❝ ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ❚❈✰❲❇ ✷✳ ♦t❤❡r ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ❲❇ ✸✳ ❧♦❛❞ ✈❛r ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❉❆ ❲❇ ✹✳ ✉s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ■❋ ■❉ ❘❋ ❊❳ ❲❇

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ❉❚▲❇ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❚❛❣ ❈❤❡❝❦s

▼❛♥② ❉❚▲❇ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❝❤❡❝❦s ❛r❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✳

r3=M[r6]; r3=r3+1; M[r6]=r3; r6=...; [pam] r2=M[r20]; L3: ... PC=r20!=r21,L3; r20=r20+4; [pam] (a) Increment of a Variable (b) Strided Load in a Loop

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

▼❡♠♦✐③✐♥❣ ❉❚▲❇ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

❈❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ❉❚▲❇ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ r❡❣✐st❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛♠ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛♠ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇r✐t❡s t♦ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ r❡❛❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ...

way LWV DWV L1 DC DTLB way 31 1 PP

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❉❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❈❤❛♥❣❡s

❈❛♥ ❞❡t❡❝t ✐❢ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t♦ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇✐❧❧ st❛② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦r ♣❛❣❡✳

Immediate

15 31

Sign Extension ADD

32-bits 32-bits 31 16

Line O set Set Index T ag (VPN)

31

Register Value

no carry

• ut?

all zeros or all ones

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

❢❡✇❡r ❧♦❛❞✲❞❡❧❛② ❤❛③❛r❞s

❚❤❡ ❧♦❛❞❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝❛♥ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝②❝❧❡✳

❆ ❧✐♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢❡t❝❤❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ❛t t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ t❛❣ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝ts ❛♥ ▲✶ ❉❈ ♠✐ss✳ ❖t❤❡r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝❝❡ss✳

• pcode

rs rt immediate 16 5 5 6 (a) MIPS I Instruction Format (b) Store with Postincrement M[r6]=r3; r6=r6+4;

■♥tr♦ P❛st ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉❉❊ ❋✉s✐♦♥ P❆▼

❈♦♠❡ s❡❡ ♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✻✵ ▲♦✈❡ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✳