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  1. ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❋✐❧❡ ✶ ❏♦sé ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❆♠❛③♦♥❛s ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❛ ❥r❛✱❛❜❧✐♠❛❅❧❝s✳♣♦❧✐✳✉s♣✳❜r ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❉❡♣t✳ ✲ P❚❈ ❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ❯❙P ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✶ ✴ ✼✹

  2. ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✷ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❖♣❡r❛t♦rs ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❚✐♠❡ ❙❡r✐❡s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❆✉t♦✲r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ◆♦♥✲st❛t✐♦♥❛r② s❡r✐❡s ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✷ ✴ ✼✹

  3. ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✷ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❖♣❡r❛t♦rs ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❚✐♠❡ ❙❡r✐❡s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❆✉t♦✲r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ◆♦♥✲st❛t✐♦♥❛r② s❡r✐❡s ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✷ ✴ ✼✹

  4. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✷ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❖♣❡r❛t♦rs ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❚✐♠❡ ❙❡r✐❡s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❆✉t♦✲r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ◆♦♥✲st❛t✐♦♥❛r② s❡r✐❡s ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✸ ✴ ✼✹

  5. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛rr✐❡rs ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈♦✐❝❡✱ ❞❛t❛✱ ✈✐❞❡♦✱ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ♦✈❡r ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❛❝❦❡t s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s✿ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♦r ♥❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✿ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡❀ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦sts r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥❀ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s❀ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥❀ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❀ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣✳ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✹ ✴ ✼✹

  6. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✲ ◗♦❙ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t ♥❡t✇♦r❦✬s ❝♦r❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ■P ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭◗♦❙✮✱ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ■P ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✈✹ ❛♥❞ ✈✻❀ ◗♦❙ ❂ ❢✭P❉❚✱ P❉❱✱ ❚❍❘❯✱ P▲❘✮❀ ■❊❚❋ ◗♦❙ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s✿ ▼P▲❙ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ r♦✉t✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ■♥t❙❡r✈ ❉✐✛❙❡r✈ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✺ ✴ ✼✹

  7. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❚r❛✣❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t❤❡ t❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ✐s ❛ ♠✉st ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t tr❛✣❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ t❤❡ ✉♥❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♦❢ s❤❛r❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✭❜✉✛❡rs✱ ❜❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✮ ♠❛② s❡r✐♦✉s❧② ❞❡❣r❛❞❡ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛✣❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♣r♦t❡❝t t❤❡ ◗♦❙ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❚r❛✣❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✿ ❛✮ ❈❆❈ ✲ ❈❛❧❧ ❆❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❜✮ ❯P❈ ✲ ❯s❛❣❡ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❝✮ Pr✐♦r✐t② ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞✮ ❈♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛✮✱ ❝✮ ❛♥❞ ❞✮ r❡q✉✐r❡ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ tr❛✣❝ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✳ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✻ ✴ ✼✹

  8. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❚r❛✣❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✬s ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡ tr❛✣❝ ❤❛s st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s q✉✐t❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❙❚◆✳ ❉❛t❛ tr❛✣❝ ✐s t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜②t❡s ❝♦✉♥t ♣❡r ✉♥✐t ♦❢ t✐♠❡✳ ❆✳ ❑✳ ❊r❧❛♥❣ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✵✾ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ t❡❧❡♣❤♦♥❡ ❝❛❧❧s ✐♥ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❇② ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ tr❛✣❝ tr❛❝❡s ✭s❡r✐❡s✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❢r❛❝t❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛s ❧♦♥❣ r❛♥❣❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✭▲❘❉✮ ♦r s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❡♥❡ss ✭❣r❡❛t ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ s❝❛❧❡s✱ t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛✣❝ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ▲❆◆s ❛♥❞ ❲❆◆s ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❤❛s ❛ ❤❡❛✈② t❛✐❧ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳ ❡✳✱ ♥♦♥✲●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❏❘❆❆✲❆❇▲ ✭❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❙P✮ ❚❡❧❡tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✷✵✵✾ ✼ ✴ ✼✹

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