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Towards Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy for Residential Buildings in BC

Sub-Committee Meeting – Policies and Codes May 14, 2014 John Madden

Director of Community Planning and Development

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Acknowledgements

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Sub-Committee Members

Tracy Casavant Executive Director, Light House John Madden Project Director, Light House Curtis Dorosh Technical Lead, Light House Joy Chen Building Analyst, Light House Souri Riazi Research Analyst, Light House Wayne Ward Technical Director, BRE UK Svend Anderson GHG Accounting and Protocols Advisor

Project Team

Andy Christie City of Kimberley Dave Ramslie Integral Group Jennie Moore BCIT Mark Layton Association of Consulting Engineering Companies BC Norm Connolly City of New Westminster Tony Gioventu Condominium Home Owners' Association of B.C Ellen Pond Pembina Institute Murray Frank Construction Home Solutions

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Agenda

Time Discussion Items 1:00 – 1:10 Welcome & Introductions 1:10 – 1:30

• Study Objectives
• Process and Timelines
• Preliminary Research

Findings

• Challenges and Opportunities

1:30 – 2:30 Expert Working Sessions 2:30 – 3:00 Summary and Next Steps

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Study Objectives

Engage governments, utilities, building and the real estate industry across the Province to develop a cohesive and strategic road map to advance carbon neutral and/or net zero energy for residential buildings*.

* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings

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Study Approach

Province-wide Consultation – Prioritize climate zones & typologies / Discuss implications of Bes Practices for BC

• Develop Research Framework
• Research

Climate Zone Research Typologies Best Practices – Targets & Performance Best Practices – Codes & Regulation Best Practices – Incentives & Education Matrix of Climates & Typologies

Climate Zone Single Detached Duplex / Rowhouse High Rise MURBs South Okanagan North

Province-wide Webinar Road Map to Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Existing Residential Buildings Guide Best Practices for Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Residential Buildings in BC Draft Key Directions & Recommendations

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Definitions

STEP 2: Meet remaining energy demand with no (or low) carbon energy generated

• n
• r
• ff-site

STEP 1: Squeeze energy demand, usually to a pre-defined target CARBON NEUTRAL BUILDING STEP 2: Meet remaining energy demand with renewable energy generated

• n-site

NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

• Carbon Neutral Building

– A building which significantly reduces energy consumption combined with the increased use of low carbon energy sources to meet the remaining demand.

• Net Zero Energy Building?

– A building which significantly reduce energy consumption combined with the use of renewable energy generated on-site to meet the remaining demand.

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Advisory and Sub-Committees

Advisory Committee (Expert Round Table)

Subcommittee

• Financial

Mechanisms & Incentives Subcommittee

• Technologies

Subcommittee

• Education,

Awareness & Capacity Building Subcommittee

• Policy,

Codes & Regulations 8

Sub-Committee Objectives

 Policies, Regulations & Codes

• To identify policies, legislation, regulations and supporting

tools to help local governments achieve deep energy use and move toward meeting carbon neutrality/net zero energy by 2050.

 Technologies  Financial Tools & Incentives  Education, Awareness & Industry Capacity Building

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Select cities in different Climate Zones

• Zone A: ≤ 3500 HDDs

➠ Vancouver, HDD18max(1971-2000): 2960

• Zone B: > 3500 to ≤ 5500 HDDs

➠ Kelowna, HDD18max(1971-2000): 3869

• Zone C: > 5500 to ≤ 8000 HDDs

➠ Fort St. John, HDD18max(1971-2000): 5893

• HDD18max - The standard method for

calculating the Degree Day Daily mean;

• Daily mean = (Daily max + Daily min) ÷ 2
• HDD18max (1971-2000) – The average of

HDD18max value from 1971 to 2000

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Residential Building Typologies



Structural Type of Dwelling and Collectives Reference Guide, 2011 Census:

• Detached Houses: Single Family Dwellings
• Attached Houses: Duplex, Semi-Detached and Row Houses
• Multi-Unit Residential Buildings: Apartments
• Moveable Dwellings:

Detached Houses Mobile Homes Semi-Detached (vertical division) Duplex (horizontal division) Apartment < 5-storey (horizontal & vertical division) Apartment ≥ 5-storey (horizontal & vertical division) Row House (vertical division) 11

Define Characteristics of Housing

House Characteristics Typical Rating Building Standards / Codes Unimproved Older house 0 to 50 Pre 1970’s Building Code Partially improved Older House 51-65 1970’s – 1980’s Building Code Fully improved Older House 66-75 1990s Building Code Typical New House 68-82 Current Building Code Energy Efficient House 80-90 R-2000 House Super energy-efficient House 91-100 Net Zero Homes

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Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies

 Statistics Canada, 2012

• Single detached houses are the most common housing type except in BC.
• The average occurrence of single detached houses across BC is 47.7%.

Climate Zone A B C House Types BC Average Vancouver Kelowna Fort St. John Single-detached

47.7% 33.8% 56.5% 59.0%

Semi-detached house

3.0% 2.2% 4.6% 5.4%

Row house

7.4% 9.0% 5.4% 7.8%

Duplex

10.4% 14.2% 7.2% 1.4%

Apartment, < 5 storeys

20.5% 25.6% 19.9% 13.9%

Apartment, ≥ 5 storeys

8.2% 14.5% 1.6% 0.9%

Moveable and other houses

2.8% 0.7% 4.7% 11.7%

Distribution of housing types in BC climate zones, by # of buildings

47.7% 20.8% 28.7% 2.8%

BC Distribution, Total # of units

Detached Attached Apartments Mobile Homes 67.9% 10.0% 19.4% 2.7%

BC Distribution, Total Floor Area

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Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies



NRCan database, 2011

• Almost 74% of dwellings were constructed after 1977.
• About 25% of all types of residential buildings were built in 1984 -1995.
• The age of the house may reflect different construction types and hence

determine the building characteristics and performance.

BC dwellings Age Distribution, by # of buildings (%)

Before 1946 1946– 1960 1961– 1977 1978– 1983 1984– 1995 1996– 2000 2001– 2005 2006– 2010 2011– 2011 Single Detached 4.3 5.6 18.9 13.6 24.5 12.2 7.4 11.9 1.6 Attached 2.2 2.3 7.7 12.7 29.7 10.4 12.9 18.9 3.1 Apartments 3.9 4.1 14.7 10.2 24.8 12.1 8.1 19.6 2.4 Mobile 5.2 3.9 23.3 9.7 20.5 12.5 9.5 13.2 2.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage 14

Why is energy efficiency for buildings important?

 Electricity is a growing operating cost

• Inclining block rates; average increase of 4.4%/yr*

 Major source of greenhouse gases

• 55% of Vancouver GHGs

*2010 forcast; pre-BC Hydro-review

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Setting Targets and Step Changes

SET SETTING TING TAR ARGET GETS & S & PERFORMANC PERFORMANCE E > > OUT OUTCOM COMES ES  Adopt baseline performance based on similar climate zones and building types  Define quantitative targets for carbon and energy performance  Define “step changes” and recommendations

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Policies, Regulations and Targets



Federal:

• Reduce Canada’s GHG emissions by 17% below 2005 levels by 2020
• Energy Efficiency Act



Provincial:

BC Climate Action Plan (2008)

• Reduce community emissions by 33% below 2007 levels by 2020, 80% by 2050
• Interim reduction targets: 6% by 2012, 18% by 2016

LGA, Green Communities, Bill 27 (2008)

• Require local governments to set targets in their OCPs and RGS
• Align policies, bylaws and actions to help achieve the reduction targets

BC Energy Efficient Buildings Strategy

• Reduce average energy demand per home by 20 percent by 2020



Local Governments:

Climate Action Charter (2007)

• Achieve carbon neutral corporate operations by 2012
• Measure and report on community GHG emissions profiles

Metro Vancouver

• Sustainable Region Initiative and Sustainability Framework

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Current Policies and Targets

 Municipal:

City of Vancouver Greenest City 2020 Action Plan energy reduction target

• New buildings to be 20% below 2007 levels by 2020, and “carbon

neutral” by 2030 (for Part 3 and Part 9 non-residential buildings)

• Existing large buildings reduce GHG emissions to 20% below 2007

levels by 2020 City of Kelowna

• 33% reduction in community GHGs by 2020
• Achieve an EnerGuide rating of 80 for 100% of new, detached and

single-unit row houses

City of Dawson Creek

• 14% reduction below 2006 levels by 2012; 33% by 2020; 85% by 2050

City of Fort St. John

• 14% reduction below 2008 levels by 2014; 21% by 2017; 33% by 2020;

80% by 2050

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Energy Related Codes

 National Building Code

(December 2012)



A New section containing energy efficiency requirements for housing and small buildings

 BC Building Code (2012)

introduces energy efficiency standards for



Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9): Effective December 19, 2014, adopted NBC performance standard for windows and heating equipment and harmonization

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Energy Related Regulations

• Examples

 Energy Performance Benchmarking New York City – Greener Greater Building Plan (2010)

• Requires annual benchmarking and public disclosure through Portfolio Manager of large

commercial and multifamily buildings (>50k sq.ft.).

Seattle – Council Bill 116731 (2011)

• Requires Large buildings (multifamily and nonresidential) to benchmark performance

using Portfolio Manager and disclose the results to the City.

• Building owners must also disclose performance information to potential tenants, buyer’s

and lenders.

State of Oregon and Vermont

• Requires landlords and sellers to disclose the energy performance of residential buildings

to renters/buyers.

• Buildings and homes meeting energy efficiency criteria may be eligible for property tax

exemption.

City of Vancouver

• Building performance benchmarking within existing buildings is on voluntary basis, using

BOMA BESt and LEED EBOM.

• Adopted mandatory EnerGuideTM Rating System Audit for all new single-family homes.
• For existing single-family homes, ‘time of sale’ transactions may be used to trigger

auditing and disclosure of energy efficiency to better inform prospective purchasers with respect to energy efficiency of the home.

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Energy Related Regulations

• Examples

 Energy Audit and Retro-Commissioning New York City – Greener Greater Building Plan (2010)

• Buildings greater than 50k sq.ft. must undergo an energy audit and retro-

commissioning measures every 10 years.

Austin, Texas – Energy Conservation Audit and Disclosure Ordinance (2011)

• Single family homes and all residences (10 years old or older by 2009) with four or

fewer units must have an energy audit before selling the property and disclose to potential buyers.

• All Apartment buildings must be audited. The results must be posted for tenants.
• Buildings that have more than 150% of the Austin multifamily average EUI must

reduce their usage by 20% within 18 months.

• Non-residential buildings (>10k sq.ft.) must benchmark their energy usage

through Portfolio Manager or the Austin Energy Business Energy Analysis tool.

• Potential annual savings from the measures identified in the first year of

ECAD residential audits in Austin is $723,650, 7,788,000 kWh, and reduced 4,897 tons of carbon dioxide per year.

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Energy Related Standards

 R-2000 Net Zero Energy Pilot for new buildings

Based on Natural Resource Canada’s draft 2014 R-2000 standard and next generation EnerGuide Rating System (ERS), the Pilot aims to recognize the builders and homes reaching net zero energy performance in Canada and aims at advancing the commoditization of net zero energy homes in Canada.

• Apply the minimum envelope requirements of the 2014 R-2000 Standard to

reduce conventional energy use

• Label houses with a next generation ERS rating
• Post-occupancy assessment (Efficient Living Assessment ) can be used to confirm

as-operated performance

• Using R-2000 and ERS to provide quality assurance for NZE buildings and houses
• The approach will focus on homes that can be built today using technologies

already available on the market that meet industry standards and regulations.

• Expected Outcomes:

– Low cost, low risk and easily achieved introduction to high performance – Energy consumption 70% less than pre-1975 housing – Low space heating energy consumption (55 kWh/m2yr)

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Energy Related Standards

 PassivHaus

European’s best-known standard uses proven technology to minimize risk as well as emissions. A building standard that aims to achieve energy efficiency, comfort and affordability.

• Ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling.
• Used highly energy-efficient lighting, ventilation, electrical appliances and equipment.
• 80% overall reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions vs. the German dwelling stock.
• Criteria:

– The Space Heating Energy Demand is not to exceed 15 kWh per square meter of net living space (treated floor area) per year or 10 W per square meter peak demand. – The Primary Energy Demand, the total energy to be used for all domestic applications (heating, hot water and domestic electricity) must not exceed 120 kWh per square meter of treated floor area per year. – Airtightness: a maximum of 0.6 air changes per hour at 50 Pascals pressure (ACH50), as verified with an onsite pressure test (in both pressurized and depressurized states). – Thermal comfort must be met for all living areas during winter as well as in summer, with not more than 10 % of the hours in a given year over 25 °C.

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Energy Related Standards

 ENERGY STAR for New Homes Standard (version 12.1)

ENERGY STAR was developed by the U.S. EPA in 1992. The Office of Energy Efficiency of NRCan has promoted the ENERGY STAR symbol in Canada. This Standard is effective since December 1, 2012.

• Applies to all types of housing which has height ≤ 3 storeys and floor area ≤ 600m2
• Built by licensed ENERGY STAR for New Homes builder.
• Promotes energy efficiency guidelines that enable new homes to be 20% more energy

efficient than those built to the provincial or national building code (baseline).

• Use more energy-efficient heating & cooling systems, Energy Star qualified

windows/doors/skylights/lighting/appliance, more insulated walls & ceilings, and meet certain level of airtightness .

–

Mandating minimum insulation requirements. This ensures a certain level of emphasis is placed on the envelope

–

Mandating a minimum amount of electrical savings. Require a minimum of 400 kilowatt- hours (kWh) of electrical savings relative to houses with non-ENERGY STAR qualified products.

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Matrix

Type Physical Characteristics (Age, Floor area, Units) Example Type Baseline Site EUI (kWh/m2) Baseline Total Energy (GJ/household)

Detached

• Less than 4,200 sf
• Two-storey with basement
• 2x4 or 2x6 exterior walls,
• R12, R20 or R28 batt insulation
• Attic insulation: R28 or R40

178 81.2 Attached

• Size from 800-1,200 sf
• Two to three storey
• 2x4 exterior walls, R12, R20 or R28

batt insulation

• Attic insulation: R20

175 81.2 Row House

• Size from 1,600 sf, newer units

with finished basements 2,400 sf

• Two to three storey
• Exterior Walls: 2x4 stud walls with

R12 batt insulation

• Attic insulation: R-21

(NRCan data combine these two housing types in one category)

Apartment

Up to 3 stories (Part 9 only)

153 49.8

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Sub-Committee: Working Sessions

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Discussion Questions

 What are the current regulatory / institutional barriers to achieving greater energy efficiency and GHG reductions in buildings—new and existing?  What are innovative policy levers which provincial/local governments/utilities can apply—new and existing?  What triggers can be leveraged to achieve greater energy efficiency in existing buildings?  What changes can be made to the regulatory review process to incentivize changes?  What are the timing and implementation considerations for adopting energy efficiency requirements within the BC Building Code?  Are there specific building components which should be targeted to yield greater reductions for least cost/#of transactions?

* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings

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Identify innovative policies, regulations and tools that effectively move the residential sector toward CN/NZE…

Define the policy or initiative? Where has it been implemented? Which archetype does it apply? Targeted toward new

• r existing?

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Priorities, Roles and Responsibilities for Stakeholders

Stakeholder Key Priorities What is their role and responsibility in moving policies/regulations and tools forward?

Governments Building code officials Standards organizations Architect and Designer Builders Utilities Manufacturers/ Trade associations Researchers/ Academia Non-government Organizations

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Milestone

2010 2020

33% GHG reduction

2030

?

2040

?

2050

80% GHG reduction

Policies and Regulations Technologies Financial Tools and Incentives Awareness, Education and Capacity Building

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Milestone (example)

2010 2020

33% Reduction in GHG’s drom 2007 levels

Regulatory framework and support schemes Market facilitation and transformation Technology development and R&D

2030

What is the step change?

2040

What is the step change?

2050

80% Reduction in GHG’s below 2007 levels Market Support schemes to achieve technology uptake? Regulatory framework preparing large-scale integration of PV into grid Building Codes and standards…prescriptive and / or performance based targets? Framework for full market competition with priority access to the grid Energy standards taking into account solar PV building regulations and

• bligations

Training and education for skilled workforce needed for the following areas…?

Increased R&D funding to accelerate cost reduction and transfer to industry Enhanced system applicability of PV and related technologies and products Enhanced storage technologies Smart grid and grid management tools Research into concepts for ultra high performance/low-cost approaches

Key actions and respective leading roles for: Government stakeholder Market stakeholders (Demand) R&D and industry stakeholders (Supply)

Source: International Energy Agency www.iea.org/roadmaps 31

Next Steps

• Follow up Sub-Committees

– Technologies (completed) – Policies, Regulations and Codes – Education, Awareness and Capacity Building – Financial Tools and Incentives

• Summarize Input
• Draft Directions
• Advisory Committee #2 (Round Table) end of

June

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