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Towards Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy for Residential Buildings in BC

Sub-Committee Meeting – Technologies May 13, 2014 John Madden

Director of Community Planning and Development

Acknowledgements

Sub-Committee Members

Tracy Casavant Executive Director, Light House John Madden Project Director, Light House Curtis Dorosh Technical Lead, Light House Joy Chen Building Analyst, Light House Souri Riazi Research Analyst, Light House Wayne Ward Technical Director, BRE UK Svend Anderson GHG Accounting and Protocols Advisor

Project Team

Areef Abraham Quality Home Services Bill MacKinnon BC Housing Chris Mattock HD+C Design Graham Lovely MCW Consultants Hazel Rempel Nedco/Rexel Mike Swinton NRC Canada Doug Rempel Eco-Lighten Energy Solutions

Agenda

Time Discussion Items 1:00 – 1:10 Welcome & Introductions 1:10 – 1:30

• Study Objectives
• Process and Timelines
• Preliminary Research

Findings

• Challenges and Opportunities

1:30 – 2:30 Expert Working Sessions 2:30 – 3:00 Summary and Next Steps

Study Objectives

Engage governments, utilities, building and the real estate industry across the Province to develop a cohesive and strategic road map to advance carbon neutral and/or net zero energy for residential buildings*.

* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings

Study Approach

Province-wide Consultation – Prioritize climate zones & typologies / Discuss implications of Bes Practices for BC

• Develop Research Framework
• Research

Climate Zone Research Typologies Best Practices – Targets & Performance Best Practices – Codes & Regulation Best Practices – Incentives & Education Matrix of Climates & Typologies

Climate Zone Single Detached Duplex / Rowhouse High Rise MURBs South Okanagan North

Province-wide Webinar Road Map to Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Existing Residential Buildings Guide Best Practices for Carbon Neutral & Net Zero Energy Residential Buildings in BC Draft Key Directions & Recommendations

Definitions

STEP 2: Meet remaining energy demand with no (or low) carbon energy generated

• n
• r
• ff-site

STEP 1: Squeeze energy demand, usually to a pre-defined target CARBON NEUTRAL BUILDING STEP 2: Meet remaining energy demand with renewable energy generated

• n-site

NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

• Carbon Neutral Building

– A building which significantly reduces energy consumption combined with the increased use of low carbon energy sources to meet the remaining demand.

• Net Zero Energy Building?

– A building which significantly reduce energy consumption combined with the use of renewable energy generated on-site to meet the remaining demand.

Timelines

Engage governments, utilities, building and the real estate industry across the Province to develop a cohesive and strategic road map to advance carbon neutral and/or net zero energy for residential buildings*.

Timeline

March - April May - June July - August September - October November - December

Activities

☐ Research climate zones ☐ Research residential typologies

• Understand building characteristics
• Understand baseline performance

☐ Identify Advisory Group members ☐ Identify Best practices including:

• targets & performance
• codes & regulations
• incentives & financial tools
• Education & Awareness

☐ Focused interviews ☐ Key findings ☐ Sub-committee meetings ☐ Website Development ☐ Announce Public Workshops ☐ Fold in Public Consultation input

• Key messages
• Barriers & opportunities

☐ Drafting Report

• Incorporate directions

from public consultation Finalizing Report

Deliverables

☐ Develop annotated resource directory & bibliography ☐ Confirm Advisory Group

• ToR for Advisory Group

☐ Characterize BC climate & typologies ☐ Create precedent & case studies on each typology ☐ Develop report outline Best Practices: ☐ Define baselines ☐ Define targets ☐ Identify policy pathways ☐ Send out invites for workshop ☐ Summary key findings ☐ Public input synthesis ☐ Draft Report version 1 (October) ☐ Draft Report version 2 (Nov.) ☐ Final Report (December)

Advisory committee & Sub- committee

Advisory Group Meeting # 1: (April 2)

• Confirm scope, timeline, networks

Sub-committee Meetings: (May)

• Review key research findings
• Confirm approach

Advisory Group Meeting # 2: (June)

• Summarize directions

Advisory Group Meeting # 3 (October)

• Review Draft Report

Advisory Group Meeting # 4 (December)

• Review Final Report

Public Workshops

Public Workshops: (September) · Burnaby · Victoria / Nanaimo (TBC) · Abbotsford / Chilliwack (TBC) · Kelowna · Kimberley · Prince George · Dawson Creek Webinar: (December) Share results & Draft Report

Consultative Approach

Advisory Committee Meetings EVENT EVENTS S ST STAKEHOLDERS AKEHOLDERS OUT OUTCOMES COMES

 Build Awareness of Project  Define Roles and Expertise  Confirm Scope and Timelines  Industry Reps  Sector Leaders  Government  Utility Reps  Academics  Professional Associations

Province-Wide Workshops

 Build awareness of project  Understand drivers, barriers and opportunities  Understand approaches based on buildings types and climate variations  Ground-truth best practices  Industry Reps  Sector Leaders  Government  Utility Reps  Academics  Professional Associations

Advisory and Sub-Committees

Advisory Committee (Expert Round Table)

Subcommittee

• Financial

Mechanisms & Incentives Subcommittee

• Technologies

Subcommittee

• Education,

Awareness & Capacity Building Subcommittee

• Policy,

Codes & Regulations

Best Practices Research Focus

 Policies, Regulations & Codes  Technologies

• For similar climates and similar building types, what are the

quantitative targets for carbon and energy performance have been established? From which baselines?

• How were they implemented? On what timeline?
• Where actual measurement has been completed, how

reasonable / effective were the targets?

• What protocols are used to quantify carbon performance?
• What building technologies or GHG reduction strategies have

been applied to meet the targets.

 Financial Tools & Incentives  Education, Awareness & Industry Capacity Building

Session Objectives

 Gain an understanding of the residential building sector (Part 9) and representative archetypes across BC  Understand baseline performance within the archetypes (how to fill gaps)  Identify suitable technologies based on archetypes and climate zones  Define roles and responsibilities of key groups in moving technologies forward?  What are realistic timelines for implementation?

* with a focus on BC Building Code Part 9 buildings

BC Climate Zones



NECB has identified six climate zone (4, 5, 6, 7A, 7B and 8) within Canada based on Heating Degree Days



ASHRAE has defined four climate zones within BC (zones 5, 6, 7 and 8)



NRCan uses ENERGY STAR Climate Zone classification. Three climate zones are identified in BC (zone A, B and C).

• Zone A: ≤ 3500 HDDs
• Zone B: > 3500 to ≤ 5500 HDDs
• Zone C: > 5500 to ≤ 8000 HDDs
• Zone D: > 8000 HDDs

*Heating Degree Day (HDD)

• The annual sum of the degrees of the average

daily temperature for all days below 18 °C.

• The higher the HDD value, the colder the location.

Select cities in different Climate Zones

• Zone A: ≤ 3500 HDDs

➠ Vancouver, HDD18max(1971-2000): 2960

• Zone B: > 3500 to ≤ 5500 HDDs

➠ Kelowna, HDD18max(1971-2000): 3869

• Zone C: > 5500 to ≤ 8000 HDDs

➠ Fort St. John, HDD18max(1971-2000): 5893

• HDD18max - The standard method for

calculating the Degree Day Daily mean;

• Daily mean = (Daily max + Daily min) ÷ 2
• HDD18max (1971-2000) – The average of

HDD18max value from 1971 to 2000

Residential Building Typologies



Structural Type of Dwelling and Collectives Reference Guide, 2011 Census:

• Detached Houses: Single Family Dwellings
• Attached Houses: Duplex, Semi-Detached and Row Houses
• Multi-Unit Residential Buildings: Apartments
• Moveable Dwellings:

Detached Houses Mobile Homes Semi-Detached (vertical division) Duplex (horizontal division) Apartment < 5-storey (horizontal & vertical division) Apartment ≥ 5-storey (horizontal & vertical division) Row House (vertical division)

Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies

 Statistics Canada, 2012

• Single detached houses are the most common housing type except in BC.
• The average occurrence of single detached houses across BC is 47.7%.

Climate Zone A B C House Types BC Average Vancouver Kelowna Fort St. John Single-detached

47.7% 33.8% 56.5% 59.0%

Semi-detached house

3.0% 2.2% 4.6% 5.4%

Row house

7.4% 9.0% 5.4% 7.8%

Duplex

10.4% 14.2% 7.2% 1.4%

Apartment, < 5 storeys

20.5% 25.6% 19.9% 13.9%

Apartment, ≥ 5 storeys

8.2% 14.5% 1.6% 0.9%

Moveable and other houses

2.8% 0.7% 4.7% 11.7%

Distribution of housing types in BC climate zones, by # of buildings

47.7% 20.8% 28.7% 2.8%

BC Distribution, Total # of units

Detached Attached Apartments Mobile Homes 67.9% 10.0% 19.4% 2.7%

BC Distribution, Total Floor Area

Matrix of Climate Zone & Typologies



NRCan database, 2011

• Almost 74% of dwellings were constructed after 1977.
• About 25% of all types of residential buildings were built in 1984 -1995.
• The age of the house may reflect different construction types and hence

determine the building characteristics and performance.

BC dwellings Age Distribution, by # of buildings (%)

Before 1946 1946– 1960 1961– 1977 1978– 1983 1984– 1995 1996– 2000 2001– 2005 2006– 2010 2011– 2011 Single Detached 4.3 5.6 18.9 13.6 24.5 12.2 7.4 11.9 1.6 Attached 2.2 2.3 7.7 12.7 29.7 10.4 12.9 18.9 3.1 Apartments 3.9 4.1 14.7 10.2 24.8 12.1 8.1 19.6 2.4 Mobile 5.2 3.9 23.3 9.7 20.5 12.5 9.5 13.2 2.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage

Define Characteristics of Housing

House Characteristics Typical Rating Building Standards / Codes Unimproved Older house 0 to 50 Pre 1970’s Building Code Partially improved Older House 51-65 1970’s – 1980’s Building Code Fully improved Older House 66-75 1990s Building Code Typical New House 68-82 Current Building Code Energy Efficient House 80-90 R-2000 House Super energy-efficient House 91-100 Net Zero Homes

Why is energy efficiency for buildings important?

 Electricity is a growing operating cost

• Inclining block rates; average increase of 4.4%/yr*

 Major source of greenhouse gases

• 55% of Vancouver GHGs

*2010 forcast; pre-BC Hydro-review

Setting Targets and Step Changes

SE SETT TTING ING TAR ARGE GETS TS & PE & PERFORMANCE RFORMANCE > > OUT OUTCOMES COMES  Adopt baseline performance based on similar climate zones and building types  Define quantitative targets for carbon and energy performance  Define “step changes” and recommendations

Prepare Deliverables

STU STUDY DELIVERAB Y DELIVERABLES LES > > OUT OUTCOMES COMES  Prepare Draft Road Map  Prepare Draft Guide to Best Practices  AC / Sub-Committee Review  Finalize Road Map and Guide to Best Practices for Residential Buildings  Share results with participants

• f the Province-wide

consultation

Source: Modern Building Services

Energy Conservation Measures

 Passive Design  High Performance Building Envelope  Energy Efficient Lighting/Equipment/Appliance  Renewable Energy

• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Geothermal

 Sensoring/Submetering  Automated Control System  Load Management

Energy Efficient Building Envelopes

Source: Technology Roadmap: Energy Efficient Building Envelopes, 2013, International Energy Agency

Matrix

Type Physical Characteristics (Age, Floor area, Units) Example Type Baseline Site EUI (kWh/m2) Baseline Total Energy (GJ/household)

Detached

• Less than 4,200 sf
• Two-storey with basement
• 2x4 or 2x6 exterior walls,
• R12, R20 or R28 batt insulation
• Attic insulation: R28 or R40

178 81.2 Attached

• Size from 800-1,200 sf
• Two to three storey
• 2x4 exterior walls, R12, R20 or R28

batt insulation

• Attic insulation: R20

175 81.2 Row House

• Size from 1,600 sf, newer units

with finished basements 2,400 sf

• Two to three storey
• Exterior Walls: 2x4 stud walls with

R12 batt insulation

• Attic insulation: R-21

(NRCan data combine these two housing types in one category)

Apartment

Up to 3 stories (Part 9 only)

153 49.8

Sub-Committee: Working Sessions

Proposed Energy Efficiency Technologies

Climate Zone Building Type Technology - New Construction Technology – Existing Building Retrofit

A

e.g. Vancouver

Single detached

• Hot water on demand
• Metering usage w/ dashboards
• Blind controls
• Passive solar
• Occupancy sensors
• Daylighting
• Timers linked to occupancy and use
• Double Framed construction with air gap
• Fiber glass window frames (thermal bridging)
• High efficiency furnace
• Inset windows
• Ground source heat pumps
• Drain water heat recovery
• ROI will be determined by energy rates and

switching based on priced differentials

• Building materials (special paints on conc.)
• Provide LCC on technologies
• Use of landscaping for passive solar
• Passive solar neighbourhood orientation
• Variable speed drives on pumps and fans
• Heat recovery and/or HRVs
• Pool covers
• R60 attic, R 40 above grade walls, R20 below

grade walls and foundation, R10 doors, R5 windows.

• LED lighting
• Cool roofs
• Reduce air changes by design
• Blind Controls
• Metering Usage w/ dashboards
• User friendly metering i.e Nest
• Time of Use Metering
• Light Tubes / Light Harvesting
• Low E windows
• Timers linked to occupancy as well

as equipment

• High Efficiency Furnaces
• Inset Windows
• Operator training / occupant

education associated with measures

• Passive solar
• Ground source heat pumps
• pe insulation
• Drain water heat recovery
• Use LCC as part of education and

awareness

• Variable speed drives on pumps

and fans

• Low flow fixtures and fitting
• LED lighting
• Cool roofs
• ECM motors
• Pool covers

Attached & Row house Low-rise Apartment

B

e.g. Kelowna

Single detached Attached & Row house Low-rise Apartment

C

e.g. Fort St. John

Single detached Attached & Row house Low-rise Apartment

Milestone (example)

2010 2020

33% Reduction in GHG’s drom 2007 levels

Regulatory framework and support schemes Market facilitation and transformation Technology development and R&D

2030

What is the step change?

2040

What is the step change?

2050

80% Reduction in GHG’s below 2007 levels Market Support schemes to achieve technology uptake? Regulatory framework preparing large-scale integration of PV into grid Building Codes and standards…prescriptive and / or performance based targets? Framework for full market competition with priority access to the grid Energy standards taking into account solar PV building regulations and

• bligations

Training and education for skilled workforce needed for the following areas…?

Increased R&D funding to accelerate cost reduction and transfer to industry Enhanced system applicability of PV and related technologies and products Enhanced storage technologies Smart grid and grid management tools Research into concepts for ultra high performance/low-cost approaches

Key actions and respective leading roles for: Government stakeholder Market stakeholders (Demand) R&D and industry stakeholders (Supply)

Source: International Energy Agency www.iea.org/roadmaps

Milestone

2010 2020

33% GHG reduction

2030

?

2040

?

2050

80% GHG reduction

Policies and Regulations Technologies Financial Tools and Incentives Awareness, Education and Capacity Building

Define Roles and Responsibilities for Stakeholders

Stakeholder What is their role and responsibility in moving technologies forward? Governments Building code officials Standards organizations Architect and Designer Builders Utilities Manufacturers/ Trade associations Researchers/ Academia Non-government Organizations

Challenges, Barriers and Opportunities

Challenges Barriers Potential Solutions

Next Steps

• Follow up Sub-Committees

– Policies, Regulations and Codes – Education, Awareness and Capacity Building – Financial Tools and Incentives

• Summarize Input
• Draft Directions
• Advisory Committee #2 (Round Table) end of

June

NZE Building Market

 Studies by National Association of Home Builders and New

Buildings Institute :

• The number of NZE (verified or targeting) buildings has more than

doubled in just two years in North America (mainly US)

• NZE District is a growing trend.
• More than one-third of all NZE and ultra-low energy buildings are

in California, supported by aggressive state policy, utility programs and leading high performance design firms.

• 24% of NZE verified projects are renovated existing buildings.
• Large NZE buildings are becoming more common.
• Government buildings and public schools comprise the largest
• wnership type of the NZE dataset, representing about two-third
• f all NZE buildings, followed by offices. Low-rise multifamily

buildings are a new trend.

http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/2014_Getting_to_Zero_Update.pdf

Net Zero Energy Buildings in BC

Name City Type NZE or CN Year Built Size (sq. ft.) The Net Zero Home Whistler Detached NZE 2010 2,500 Harmony House Burnaby Detached NZE

• 4,714

The Green Dream Home Kamloops Detached NZE

• 3,237

SEFC Net Zero building Vancouver MURB NZE 2010 1,200,000

Green Dream Home Net Zero Home Harmony House