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Thin Film Compression and CAN Laser Experimental Results Jonathan WHEELER cole polytechnique Palaiseau, France C oherent June 25 th , 2019 A mplifying N etwork Workshop on Beam Acceleration in Crystals and Nanostructures, Fermilab, June

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SLIDE 1

Jonathan WHEELER

École polytechnique Palaiseau, France

June 25th, 2019

Workshop on Beam Acceleration in Crystals and Nanostructures, Fermilab, June 24-26, 2019

Thin Film Compression and CAN Laser Experimental Results

Coherent Amplifying Network

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SLIDE 2

J.-C. Chanteloup, A. Heilmann, L. Daniault, I. Fsaifes, S. Bellanger,

  • A. Brignon, J. Bourderionnet, É. Durand, É. Lallier, C. Larat

June 25th, 2019

Coherent Beam Combining of femtosecond fiber amplifiers: a path towards high peak and average power lasers

Workshop on Beam Acceleration in Crystals and Nanostructures, Fermilab, June 24-26, 2019

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SLIDE 3

3

General context

What about a laser source combining both High peak & average powers ?

Short pulses < ps (few fs) High repetition rate >10 kHz

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 4

6/24/2019 4

Peak Power: Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018

"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics“ Arthur Ashkin (Optical Tweezers) / Donna Strickland & Gerard Mourou (CPA)

Permits amplification of short pulses to high energy

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 5

6/24/2019 5

Intensity ~ Energy ____ (Time· Focal Spot) λ3 = λ· λ2

(Time· Focus)

Focal Volume limit: Lambda–cubed Regime

Two Options for continuing the ascent !

  • 1. Increase energy within volume: kJ ⇒ MJ
  • 2. Decrease the wavelength and accessible volume:

NI NIR ⇒ XUV UV

ExaWatt Energy: 1 kJ 1 J Time: 10-15 s 10-18 s

Peak Power: The CPA Plateau ?

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 6

Wavelength Scaling of Peak Intensity

6/24/2019 6

Intensity ~ c · Pulse Energy_

λ3 N · M2

(M, N) → 1 λ3limit

N ≡ Number of cycles M ≡ Number of wavelengths

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 7

Post-Compression Requirement

6/24/2019 7

Time (fs)

Temporal compression (i.e. 25 fs to 2.5 fs)

From: Δλ ~ 50 nm For λ ~ 800 nm Must produce Δλ ~ 200 nm

Wavelength (nm)

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 8

Thin Film Compressor (NIR)

8

  • G. Mourou, G. Cheriaux, C. Radier, Patent 2009
  • A.A. Voronin, A.M. Zheltikov, T. Ditmire, B. Rus , G. Korn, Optics. Com., 291, 299 (2013).
  • Mourou G. et al. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 223 1181–8 (2014)
  • S. Y. Mironov, J. Wheeler, R. Gonin, G. Cojocaru, R. Ungureanu, R. Banici, M. Serbanescu, R. Dabu, G. Mourou, E. A. Khazanov, Quantum

Electron., 47, 173 (2017).

𝒐 ~ 𝒐𝒑 + 𝒐𝟑∙ 𝑱(𝒚, 𝒖)

Gas-Filled Capillary To Thin Film

𝜖ω = 𝜖𝜚𝑂𝑀 𝜖𝑢 ~ 𝑜2· 𝑨 · 𝜖𝐽(𝒚, 𝑢) 𝜖𝑢

  • 𝑜2 = NL Index of Ref.

𝑨 = material thickness

Self – Pha hase se Modul ulation

  • n

ω 𝒖 𝑱(t) (t) 𝒖𝒋𝒏𝒇 (t)

𝜚𝑂𝑀 𝑨 = 𝜕0 𝑑 𝑜2 ∙ 𝐽(𝒚, 𝑢) ∙ 𝑨

Spectral broadening is produced by Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)

Gau aussia ian Beam am Prof

  • file

ile Fla lat-top 6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 9

Applications

6/24/2019 9

X-ray Production:

  • Exawatt, Attosec. γ-Pulses

➢ TeV/cm WakeField Acceleration ➢ Short Lifetime Particles (Muon) ➢ QED Vacuum Physics ➢ Table Top Cosmos

Laser-driven Acceleration:

  • Energy Enhancement
  • Improved Stability/Efficiency

➢ Neutron & Neutrino Sources ➢ Radio-isotope Production ➢ Nuclear Waste Treatment

Direct Use:

  • Peak Power Enhancement
  • Beam Propagation
  • High Energy Plasma Probe

Single-Cycle NIR J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 10

Single-cycle NIR → Coherent X-rays

6/24/2019 10

Relativistic Oscillating Mirror (ROM)

τpulse ~ 600/a0 [as]

  • N. M. Naumova, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 063902-1 (2004).

E_in

[J]

a0

[w0~4 μm]

τp

[as]

E_ph

[eV]

0.07 10 60 65 10 120 5 830 100 380 1.56 2600 250 600 1 4100

E_in a0

a0= e E0 (me ωo c)-2

a0 ~ 1 corresponds to 1018 W/cm2

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 11

11

General context

What about a laser source combining both High peak & average powers ?

Short pulses < ps (few fs) High repetition rate >10 kHz

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 12

12

Aspects ratio (h/D) 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 000 10 000

Disks Fibers Rods Slabs

D h

Solid State laser gain medium geometry

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 13

Thermal management of solid state laser gain media

13

Disk Fibers Rods Slabs

An ef effic ficie ient th thermal l management (i.e i.e. . gain in mediu ium heat rem emoval) l) is is favored by y a hig igh coole led su surface /v /volu lume ratio io Abilit ility to work at t hig igh rep epetit itio ion rate

Cooling fluid circulation

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 14

But one fiber does not provide enough energy

14

Ampli lify fy las laser puls lses th through a network of f fib fiber ampli lifie iers operated in in parall llel

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 15

Coherent Addition Amplification Amplification N Channels Amplification

Amplifier Amplifier

Spatial separation

Amplifier Amplifier

Coherent Ampli lific icatio ion Network ➔ CAN

Phase measurement Dj Dj Dj

N fibers amplifier coherent addition principle

Laser pulse train coherent addition

6/24/2019 15 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 16

Phase measurement Dj Amplification Amplification N Channels

Oscillator Stretcher Compressor

Dj Amplification

Amplifier Amplifier

Dj Spatial separation

Amplifier Amplifier

Coherent Addition

Chirp Pulse Amplification

6/24/2019 16

N fibers amplifier coherent addition principle

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 17

6/24/2019 17

Pass assiv ive 19 channels ls pr prot

  • totype

Several prototypes have been developed

Active 7 channels prototype 61 cha hannels ls fi fina nal l pr prot

  • totype

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 18

18

Desig ignin ing, in integratin ing and operatin ing a 61 ch channels ls prototype ~ 300 fs ~ 3 mJ ~ 200 kHz

Objective

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 19

19

Address key issues at the 61 channels scale… …and widening the application field

G.Mourou & T.Tajima

XCAN is an IZEST project

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 20

20

5 mJ

x61

100 mW @ 55 MHz (2 nJ), 200 fs Oscillator 55 MHz → 8 MHz Picker 200 fs → 5 ns stretcher → 100 mW Pre-amp

x8 8x x8

125 µJ Power amp 8 MHz → 900 kHz Picker Picker 900 kHz → 200 kHz

61x

Phase & delay

(+ 3 empty channels)

Pulse Shaper Divider Divider → 100 mW Pre-amp Pre-amp → 100 mW Compresseur 5 ns → 350 fs 1 MW (peak) 7 GW (peak) 3 mJ 5 mJ

Synoptic view

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 21

21

Phase control with two devices

Source Stretcher Compressor Coherent addition Divider Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Amplification N channels

j1 j2 j3 Variable optical delay line Fiber Stretcher (FS)

2 l/V, linear Response time : 70 µs for 22l

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 22

Source Stretcher Compressor Coherent addition Divider Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Amplification N channels 22

Phase measurement through interferometry

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 23

Interferometric temporal synchronization

Delay lines

Contrast monitoring

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

23 6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 24

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

19 6/24/2019 24 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 25

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 25 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 26

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 26 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 27

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 27 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 28

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 28 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 29

Camera

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 29 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 30

Camera

<1kHz external perturbations

➔ Phase locking with kHz feed back loop

➔ Moving fringes

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 30 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 31

j1 j2 j3

Camera

Fiber stretchers kHz Phase control

1 2 3

Reference pulse

Delay lines

Interferometric temporal synchronization

6/24/2019 19 31 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 32

20

3 fibers co-phasing

film P3 vitesse 2.5.avi

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 33

Far field combination for max scalability

Source Stretcher Compressor Coherent addition Divider Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Dj Amplification Amplification N channels 21 6/24/2019

Far field efficiency hFF =

Far field Near field

power in main lobe of far field pattern

  • verall power in far field

µlens array

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 34

6/24/2019 34

Overall efficiency

Far field efficiency hFF

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 35

6/24/2019 35

Overall efficiency

~67%

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 36

6/24/2019 36

Error tolerances

pitch Beam-to-beam pointing Longitudinal positioning ➔ High (µm/mrad) precision alignment needed

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 37

P7 & P61 laser head

24 6/24/2019

µm/mrad accuracy positioning laser head

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 38

6/24/2019 38

Spectral phase tolerances

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 39

6/24/2019 39 Modelling

Near-field interferograms

CBC experiment on 7 channels prototype

Experimental Far-field

Modelling

Efficiency 48% 56% 67% Fraction of the theory 86% 71%

w/ experimental setup w/ perfect setup

Linear regime 0.5 ns 20 Watts /channel 55 MHz <1 µJ/channel

Fibers distribution

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 40

6/24/2019 40

Relative phase noise between two fibers Fourier transform limited 78% efficient compression 47W final output power

CBC experiment on 7 channels prototype

Residual phase error of l/38 rms

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 41

6/24/2019 41 Modelling

Efficiency 45% 56% Fraction of the theory 80%

w/ experimental setup Experiment

CBC experiment on 7 channels prototype

Non Linear regime 7 channel 61 0.5 ns 5 20 Watts /channel 25 2 MHz 0.2 10 µJ/channel 125 ~5 B Integral ~5

Excellent beam quality

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 42

6/24/2019 42

CBC experiment on 7 channels prototype

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 43

60 active channels over 61

Current status

6/24/2019 43 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 44

60 channels interferogram Far field

Current status

53% efficiency in linear regime

6/24/2019 44 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 45

2.5/5ns compressor operational

6/24/2019 45 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 46

Compressor (vacuum) Capillary 5 fs 1.5 mJ

Adding a pair of non linear post compression stages

Perspectives : 300fs ➔ 30 fs ➔ 5 fs

46

6/24/2019

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

  • M. Ueffing, et al., Opt. Lett. 43,(2018) 9, p. 2070.
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SLIDE 47

LaserLab Experiment at LASERIX

47

DM = Dispersion management

  • 4 bounces on Chirped Mirrors (-250 fs2/bounce)
  • Optional MgF2 windows (W) to optimize compression

Laser (before compressor)

  • 50 to 500 mJ input Energy
  • 50 fs; 10 Hz or single-shot
  • 1.8 cm diameter

FILM = Cyclic Olefin Polymer (COP; Zeonor)

  • 6 x 0.1mm ~ 0.9 mm

Vacuum

DG = Diagnostics

  • FastLite Wizzler (WZ)
  • Light Conversion TIPA Autocorrelator (AC)
  • Ocean Optics USB spectrometer (SP)

IM = Beam Imaging

  • Plane of film (NF)
  • Focus Spot (FF)

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

TFC with 50 fs, 200 mJ pulses

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SLIDE 48

Results LASERIX for initial 50 fs pulse

6/24/2019 48

Energy [mJ] Intensity [TW/cm2] Δλ [nm] τp [fs]

35 0.3 51.7 ± 0.6 44.0 ± 1.0 75 0.6 61.7 ± 0.6 32.7 ± 0.8 115 0.9 71.0 ± 2.0 30.0 ± 1.0 160 1.25 94.3 ± 0.6 23.7 ± 0.2

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 49

TFC Parameters for PW Probe Lines

6/24/2019 49 25 fs, 350 mJ 2 cm diameter 1 shot/ minute

Pulse duration for 25 fs input ⇒ 9.5 fs ▪ Two passes of COP film (Zeonor) with thickness

  • f

0.18 mm mounted

  • n

Automatic Roller Machine ▪ GDD Compensation for SPM and Thin Film Dispersion -70 fs2 ▪ Additional GDD Compensation for beamline optics (~-1200 fs2) ▪ Wedges to compensate and fine- tune of over-correction

Film Mount Glass (+ GDD) CM (- GDD) Interaction Debris Shield J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 50

Heuristic Beam Profile: An example

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST) 50

Producing a flat-top profile from an array of Gaussians ~2 Rayleigh lengths after focus SuperGaussian Mask

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SLIDE 51

Starting directly from a 300 fs Pulse

51

Laser (before film)

  • 7 J input Energy
  • 300 fs; single-shot/20 minutes
  • 7.0 cm diameter
  • No shot-to-shot stability

Temporal Diagnostics

  • Homebuilt FROG
  • Autocorrelator
  • Imaging Spectrometer

Beam Imaging

  • Plane of film (NF)
  • Focus Spot (FF)

Beam Sampling (Resizing and Attenuation)

  • Half-coated silver/bare glass Attenuators
  • Parabolic Mirror/ lens combination for reduction

Dispersion management

  • 6 bounces on Chirped Mirrors (-1000 fs2/bounce)
  • MgF2 windows to minimize additional dispersion

“Thin” Films

  • Cyclic Olefin Polymer (2 mm)
  • Fused Silica (5 mm)

6/24/2019

ELFIE Facility at LULI (7 J; 300 fs)

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 52

No Film (6x CM) BW ~ 13.4 nm

Fused Silica 5mm (6xCM) BW ~ 29 nm 2018-06-15 (data) / 2019-04-09 (analysis) COP 2mm (6xCM) BW ~ 31 nm 2018-06-14 (data) / 2019-04-09 (analysis)

ELFIE Facility at LULI (7 J; 300 fs)

6/24/2019 52 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

Factor of 2.2 Gain in Bandwidth

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SLIDE 53

Acknowledgements

6/24/2019 53

CET ETAL-PW (I (INF NFLPR)

  • Gabriel Cojocaru
  • Razvan Ungureanu
  • Mihai Serbanescu

Ins nstitute of

  • f Applied Physics – Ru

Russian Academy of

  • f Scie

Science (I (IAP-RAS)

  • Sergey Mironov
  • Efin Khazanov

LASERIX - Cen entr tre Laser r de de l'U 'Université Par aris is-Sud (CL (CLUPS) Un Université Par aris is-Sud – Féd édératio ion Lumière Matière (L (LUMAT) CNR NRS

  • Moana Pittman
  • Elsa Baynard
  • Julien Demailly
  • David Ros

Un University of

  • f Cali

alifornia at t Irvin ine (U (UCI)

  • Deano Farinella
  • Toshiki Tajima

This TFC work is supported by Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) - Phase II, a project co-financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund through the Competitiveness Operational Programme “Investing in Sustainable Development” (1/07.07.2016, COP ID 1334). IZE ZEST – École le po polyt ytechnique

  • Gérard Mourou

EL ELI-NP (I (IFI FIN-HH) HH)

  • Razvan Dabu
  • Ioan Dancus
  • Daniel Ursescu
  • Riccardo Fabbri
  • Masruri
  • Andrei Naziru
  • Radu Secareanu
  • Matei Tataru
  • Liviu Neagu
  • D. Doria,
  • S. Balascuta

XCAN– École le po poly lytechnique

  • J.-C. Chanteloup
  • A. Heilmann
  • L. Daniault
  • I. Fsaifes
  • S. Bellanger
  • A. Brignon
  • J. Bourderionnet
  • É. Durand
  • É. Lallier
  • C. Larat

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 54

Summary

6/24/2019 54

  • Strong motivation for high peak and average power

femtosecond pulses.

  • The 61-fiber XCAN prototype has been demonstrated in

the linear regime with plans with improved efficiencies

  • ver the 7-fiber prototype.
  • These types of systems will require compression from 350

fs to sub-10 fs via methods such as TFC.

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 55

6/24/2019 55

Thank you for your attention

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 56

Back-up slides

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST) 56

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SLIDE 57

6/24/2019 57

Scalability

Laser head current pitch : 3 mm (relying on standard telecom ferules and sleeves) Amplifying fiber diameter : 450 µm

  • 2D V-groove (silicon etched) structure with a 700 µm pitch
  • 59 rings (10267 channels) ➔117 channel per diameter

10K channel, 8 cm diameter composite beam ➔ >100kW

J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)

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SLIDE 58

Simulating 25 fs from 50 fs Data

58

1-D Modeling in pyNLO Python package

  • Solves nonlinear Schrödinger equation accounting for GVD, SPM, self-steepening, and Raman effects.
  • Required inclusion of 95% transmission for each film of the series.
  • First confirmed results with known Fused Silica, and COP at 50 fs.
  • Modelled expected response at 25 fs pulse conditions of ELI-NP

1.25 TW/cm2 4 TW/cm2 Johan Hult. J. Lightwave Technol., 25(12):3770-3775, Dec 2007.

6/24/2019 J-C CHANTELOUP (XCAN) / J WHEELER (IZEST)