There Are Approximately 4,000 Species of Frogs Here are a few of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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There Are Approximately 4,000 Species of Frogs Here are a few of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 10, 2023 226 likes •1.72k views

There Are Approximately 4,000 Species of Frogs Here are a few of them The Frog Gallery The Frog Gallery Rana latouchi Or even Cream colored Just hangn Poison Dart Frogs Poison Dart Frogs Poison Darts Poison Dart Maker Or Blue

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There Are Approximately 4,000 Species of Frogs

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Here are a few of them

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The Frog Gallery The Frog Gallery

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Rana latouchi

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Or even Cream colored

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Just hang’n

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Poison Dart Frogs Poison Dart Frogs

Poison Darts

Poison Dart Maker

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Or Blue

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  • Interesting. Very, very interesting!
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Chopping Down The Tree Of Life

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The frogs of the world have a few health problems

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1.Declining populations 2.Increased incidence of deformities

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US Endangered Species: Amphibians

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Tarahumara frog (Rana tarahumarae) in Mexico.

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Declines in the US are particularly serious in: California The Rocky Mountains The Southwest Puerto Rico. Worldwide, decline "hot spots" also include Australia and Central America.

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Amphibian deformities

Extra limbs Malformed or missing limbs Facial deformities Documented in 44 states and involve nearly 60 species. In some local populations, up to 60% of the amphibians exhibit deformities.

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Frog Legs

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Andrew Blaustein and friends

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Andrew Blaustein at work

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Frog Eggs

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Developing Frogs

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Tad Poles

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Possible causes of declines and malformations

  • 1. Increased levels of UV-B radiation
  • 2. Chemical agents (pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers)
  • 3. Parasites - Ribeiroia, a trematode
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from: Johnson et al, 2002

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Hypothesis: Frog declines and deformities are due to UV-B damage and pesticides that weakens their immune system, making them more susceptible to parasitic infections. Sounds like “Frog AIDS”

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Blaustein References

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Q: Who allows this? A: The EPA: Agricultural runoff is exempt from The Clean Water Act

See: http://www.epa.gov/region5/water/cwa.htm

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Herbicide: Atrazine Usage: 2001

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Effects of Atrazine* on Frog Development

*endocrine disrupter

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Kansas

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Minnesota*

* State slogan: Land of 10,000 lakes

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What Good Is A Frog?

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Some background first.

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A 21st Century Dilemma: Microbial Drug Resistance*

*See: http://www.fda.gov/cvm/antimicrobial/022200slides/White/tsld004.htm

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Microbe Disease Resistance Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia, pneumonia aminoglycosides wound infections β-lactams chloramphenicol trimethoprim FQs Enterococcus bacteremia aminoglycosides wound infections β-lactams erythromycin glycopeptides Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, otitis media β-lactams pneumonia tetracycline chloramphenicol trimethaprim Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis aminoglycosides ethambutol isoniazid rifampin Nisseria gonorrhoea gonorrhea β-lactams tetracylcine FQs

Top Ten Drug-resistant Microbes

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Microbe Disease Resistance Plasmodium falciparum malaria chloroquine Pseudomonas aerogenosa bacteremia, pneumonia aminoglycosides UTIs β-lactams tetracycline TMX Shigella dysenteriae severe dysentery ampicillin chloramphenicol tetracycline TMX Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, pneumonia chloramphenicol wound infections macrolides trimethoprim FQs β-lactams tetracycline glycopeptides? Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, pneumonia aminoglycosides chloramphenicol macrolides penicillin

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“Luck favors only those who are prepared.” Louis Pasteur

(Famous French Microbiologist)

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Rene Dubos*

Discoverer of Gramacidin

*also coined the term: “medical ecology”

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Gramicidin

Side View

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Michael Zasloff

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The African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis

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Life Cycle of Xenopus laevis

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Examples of in situ hybridization in Xenopus laevis tad poles

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Selected References

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In most experiments in which Xenopus laevis was used as an egg donor, a 20% mortality rate was encountered. Michael Zasloff asked why so many survived, given the unsanitary conditions of their “recovery room.” *

*current situation

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Michael Zasloff References*

Matsuzaki K, Mitani Y, Akada KY, Murase O, Yoneyama S, Zasloff M, Miyajima K.

Mechanism of synergism between antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and PGLa.

  • Biochemistry. 1998. 37:15144-53.

PMID: 9790678 Tobian JA, Drinkard L, Zasloff M.

tRNA nuclear transport: defining the critical regions of human tRNAimet by point mutagenesis.

  • Cell. 1985. 43:415-22.

PMID: 3852693

* note the shift in research interests

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Magainins

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Magainins:

  • 1. Amphipathic peptides (21-26 AA residues)
  • 2. Found in frog skin
  • 3. Form right handed helixes
  • 4. Have anti-bacterial (both gram + and gram -},

anti-fungal, and anti-protozal activity

  • 5. They form pores in lipid bi-layers
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Structure Of Magainins

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3-D Structure Of Prototypical Magainin

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Wheel Structure of Magainin 2

Behaves chemically like Gramicidin

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Mode Of Action Of Magainin

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Mechanism of action of magainin

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Each species of frog produces between 8-10 different kinds of magainin. Since there are approximately 4,000 frog species still out there, some of these magainins may prove useful for each of our own antibiotic needs.

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Sometimes Its Easy Being Green!

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Sometimes its not!

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*

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* You never know when you might need one!