The use of oil base The use of oil based d adjuva adjuvants nts to to improve improv e pesticide pesticide uptak uptake Peter Jones Victorian Chemical Company Melbourne, Australia What are adjuvants How do they work Oil based adjuvants for foliar penetration 80 YEARS
What are spray adjuvants? “A material added to a tank mix to aid or modify the action of an agrichemical, or the physical characteristics of the mixture.” ASTM International Standard Terminology What do adjuvants do? help protect against degradation or losses • • help deliver a pesticide to its target help penetrate into the target • 80 YEARS
What are spray adjuvants? Chemical Types Surfactants • Increase droplet adhesion onto target • Spread spray droplets to effectively cover the target Oils Aid penetration through waxy cuticle • Slow evaporation of spray droplets and deposits • Others Buffers to control pH • Water conditioners to complex with water hardness ions • 80 YEARS
How do adjuvants work Penetration Adhesion Spreading 80 YEARS
How do adjuvants work - penetration Aqueous pathway - Penetration Lipophilic pathway – lipophilic of aqueous substances via diffusion through the cuticle aqueous pores Assisted by surfactant adjuvants Assisted by oil-based adjuvants 80 YEARS
Oil types as Adjuvants Oil Type Synonyms Adjuvant Properties Products Penetration Crop Safety Droplet Size Mineral Oils Fair No effect Petroleum Oil Bonza* Good Paraffin Oil Uptake* White oil Vegetable Oils Poor Good Increases Canola Oil Synetrol* Seed oil Natural Oils Esterified Oils Good Generally OK Increases Methyl Oleate Hasten Methylated or Ethylated Seed Oil MSO / ESO Fatty Esters Vegetable esters 80 YEARS
Clethodim Penetration 60 No Adjuvant Uptake - Mineral Oil 50 Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil % of A.I. Applied 40 30 20 10 0 4h 12h 24h Time After Application 80 YEARS
Tebuconazole Penetration 60 No Adjuvant Uptake - Mineral Oil 50 Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil % of A.I. Applied 40 30 20 10 0 4h 12h 24h Time After Application 80 YEARS
Saflufenacil Penetration 40 No Adjuvant 35 Bonza - Mineral Oil 30 Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil % of A.I. Applied 25 20 15 10 5 0 4h 12h 24h Time After Application 80 YEARS
Clethodim field trial 100 No Adjuvant Uptake 0.5% 90 Hasten 0.5% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18DAT 27DAT 71DAT 18DAT 27DAT 71DAT 210g/ha - Clethodim 300g/ha - Clethodim 80 YEARS
Glyphosate Rainfastness No Adjuvant Deluge - Wetting Agent 100 LI-700 - Surfactant Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil 90 80 Percent Control (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.5h 1h 2h 4h No Rain Time Before Rain 80 YEARS
Glyphosate Rainfastness No Adjuvant Deluge - Wetting Agent 100 LI-700 - Surfactant Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil 90 80 Percent Control (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.5h 1h 2h 4h No Rain Time Before Rain 80 YEARS
Glyphosate Rainfastness No Adjuvant Deluge - Wetting Agent 100 LI-700 - Surfactant Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil 90 80 Percent Control (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.5h 1h 2h 4h No Rain Time Before Rain 80 YEARS
Glyphosate Rainfastness No Adjuvant Deluge - Wetting Agent 100 LI-700 - Surfactant 90 Hasten - Esterified Vegetable Oil 80 Percent Control (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.5h 1h 2h 4h No Rain Time Before Rain 80 YEARS
Conclusions Spray adjuvants are useful for enhancing efficacy of pesticides Oil based adjuvants can greatly enhance foliar penetration of lipophilic active ingredients Esterified Vegetable Oils are generally the most effective oil based adjuvants for foliar penetration 80 YEARS
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