The Use of Ever Increasing Datasets in Macroeconomic Forecasting - - PDF document

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The Use of Ever Increasing Datasets in Macroeconomic Forecasting - - PDF document

Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm 12. Juni 2015 The Use of Ever Increasing Datasets in Macroeconomic Forecasting Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm 12. Juni 2015 Macroeconomic Forecasting Methods Indicator approach Business tendency surveys


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SLIDE 1
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 1

  • 12. Juni 2015

The Use of Ever Increasing Datasets in Macroeconomic Forecasting

  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

2 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Macroeconomic Forecasting Methods

  • Indicator approach
  • Business tendency surveys
  • Buildings permits
  • Job advertisements
  • ...
  • Econometric approaches
  • Time series econometrics
  • Structural econometric models
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SLIDE 2
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 2

  • 12. Juni 2015

3 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

KOF Business Tendency Surveys

  • Manufacturing (M, Q)
  • Construction (M, Q)
  • Project Engineering (M, Q)
  • Wholesale Trade (Q)
  • Retail Trade (M)
  • Gastronomy (Q)
  • Hotel Business (Q)
  • Banks (M, Q)
  • Insurances (M, Q)
  • Other Financial Services (M, Q)
  • (Non-financial) Service Sectors (Q)
  • KOF Consensus Forecast (Q)
  • KOF Investment Survey (H)
  • KOF Innovation Survey (2 years)
  • 12. Juni 2015

4 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

KOF Business Tendency Surveys

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SLIDE 3
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 3

  • 12. Juni 2015

5 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Difference

Business Situation Assessment in German and Swiss Industry

  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

10 20 30 40 50 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

10 20 30 40 50 Germany Switzerland Balance Balance

  • 12. Juni 2015

6 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Indicators and Forecasts at KOF

Indicators

  • KOF Economic Barometer
  • KOF Business Situation Indicator
  • KOF Surprise Indicator
  • KOF Employment Indicator
  • KOF Monetary Policy

Communicator

  • KOF Baublatt Indicator
  • KOF Globalisation Index
  • KOF Youth Labour Market Index

Forecasts

  • KOF International Forecasts
  • KOF Forecasts for Switzerland
  • KOF Forecasts for Swiss Health

Care Expenditures

  • KOF Forecasts for Tourism in

Switzerland

  • Joint Economic Forecast for

Germany

  • Forecasts for the Construction

Sector (Euroconstruct)

  • Forecasts for Europe (EEAG)
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SLIDE 4
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 4

  • 12. Juni 2015

7 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Econometric Approaches

exogenous variables

Model

endogenous variables

  • Examples
  • autoregressive estimation approaches (time series)

– Estimate an equation like: Ct =  +  Ct-1 + t

  • theory-based estimation approaches (structural models)

– Estimate equations like: Ct =  +  Yt + ut It =  + θ rt + vt Yt = Ct + It

  • 12. Juni 2015

8 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

KOF Macroeconometric Model

  • The KOF macroeconometric model nowadays consists of
  • approximately 300 equations,
  • of which about 50 are behavioural equations
  • and is continuously being updated with new data

allowing for changes in the behavioural equations

  • (Smaller-scaled) models of the area experts are used to
  • provide estimates of “exogenous” variables
  • verify and adjust/update the macroeconometric model
  • Currently we are working on a (large-scale) Bayesian VAR model
  • using priors coming from the area experts
  • producing confidence intervals for all variables
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SLIDE 5
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 5

  • 12. Juni 2015

9 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Swiss GDP: KOF forecast and data/forecast revisions

Reference: SECO release after 1st SFSO release

Sources: SECO, KOF

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 % (q-o-q) % (q-o-q)

  • 16. April 2015

9 Frühlingsveranstaltung VfCMS

2.0% 0.2% 1.0%

  • 12. Juni 2015

10 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

KOF Economic Barometer

  • Many composite leading indicators for business cycle developments exist

around the world

  • OECD – Composite Leading Indicators for 47 countries/regions
  • The Conference Board – Leading Economic Indices for 13 countries
  • CEPR/Banca d’Italia – EUROCOIN
  • Many others – mostly at the national level
  • Commonalities
  • Reference series needed
  • Selection of variables needed
  • Aggregation method needed
  • Relationships and data availability changes over time
  • Once in a while an overhaul is needed

– This is done at an ad hoc basis and is often time consuming

  • KOF Economic Barometer Versions: 1976, 1998, 2006, 2014
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SLIDE 6
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 6

  • 12. Juni 2015

11 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Construction of the 2014 version

  • Objectives
  • No longer use a filter for smoothing

by broadening the set of underlying time series

  • Define a standardized procedure to select variables

– Automatize and regularly apply the variable selection procedure

  • Three production stages
  • Preparation phase (done once)

– Choose business cycle concept, define the reference series, and define the automated selection procedure

  • Variable selection procedure (repeated annually)

– Pre-select the pool of potential variables – Apply the automated selection procedure – Calculate the weights using principle component analysis

  • Construction of the leading indicator (repeated monthly)

– Construct the monthly indicator using the extracted weights

  • 12. Juni 2015

12 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Comparing the 2006 and 2014 Versions

Version 2006

  • Reference series:
  • y-o-y GDP growth
  • Variable selection procedure
  • Cross-correlation analysis
  • Expert knowledge

– Limited # var. selected

  • No updating procedure
  • Construction process
  • Principal component analysis
  • Filter to smooth indicator

– The selected filter assures that

  • nly revisions in the underlying

variables cause revisions in the KOF Barometer Version 2014

  • Reference series:
  • smoothed m-o-m GDP growth
  • Variable selection procedure
  • Cross-correlation analysis
  • Automated selection process

– Large # var. selected

  • Updated yearly
  • Construction process
  • Principal component analysis
  • No filtering

– Only data revisions in the underlying variables cause revisions in the KOF Barometer (within a vintage)

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SLIDE 7
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 7

  • 12. Juni 2015

13 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Pre-selection of potential variables

(2013 vintage of the 2014 Version)

  • International variables: currently 32 variables
  • Concentrate on the 11 most important trading partners

– 1 Business tendency & 1 consumer survey question per country

  • Ifo World Economic Survey, assessment and expectations for 5 regions
  • National variables: currently 444 variables
  • KOF Business Tendency Surveys (411)
  • SECO Consumer Survey (9)
  • BFS, SECO, OZD, SNB (24)
  • For each of these variables we determine all
  • sensible transformation (level, log level, quarterly difference, monthly

difference, annual difference, balance, positive, negative) (4356)

  • theoretically expected sign of the correlation with the reference series
  • Except for year-over-year differences, X12-ARIMA is used to seasonally

adjust all variables and their transformations.

  • 12. Juni 2015

14 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Automated selection procedure

  • A variable has valid observations throughout the defined (10-year)
  • bservation window used in the cross-correlation analysis.
  • The sign of the cross-correlation complies with the exogenously imposed

sign restriction.

  • Only those variables are retained, for which the maximum (absolute) cross-

correlation is found at the lead range specified between 0 and 6 months.

  • The computed cross-correlation surpasses a defined threshold.
  • Of those transformations that survive, we take the one that optimizes:
  • max U = |rmax| x sqrt(hmax + 1)
  • Finally, the variance of these variables is collapsed into a composite

indicator as the first principal component.

  • This first principal component is standardised to have a mean of 100

and standard deviation of 10 during the observation window.

  • (Dynamic factor analysis approach of Giannone et al. (2008) results in

basically the same – using 2013 vintage, the correlation equals 0.998)

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SLIDE 8
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 8

  • 12. Juni 2015

15 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Reference series and KOF Barometer

Sources: KOF, SECO 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 KOF Barometer Index

  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6 Reference series Annualised growth (%)

  • 12. Juni 2015

16 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Yearly updates in September

  • Swiss quarterly SNA is published by SECO
  • Swiss annual SNA is published by SFSO
  • Every summer a new vintage is released
  • This vintage contains the first release of previous year’s growth by the

SFSO

  • The subsequent quarterly release of SECO incorporates this annual

information

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SLIDE 9
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 9

  • 12. Juni 2015

17 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Different vintages of the reference series

Source: SECO

  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Annualised growth (%) 2013M9 2012M9 2011M9 2010M9 2009M9 2008M9 2007M9 2006M9

  • 12. Juni 2015

18 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Pseudo real-time vintages

  • f different versions of the KOF Barometer

Source: KOF 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2006M9 2007M9 2008M9 2009M9 2010M9 2011M9 2012M9 2013M9 Index KOF Barometer Version 2006 (right-hand scale)

  • 2.0
  • 1.5
  • 1.0
  • 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Index

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SLIDE 10
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 10

  • 12. Juni 2015

19 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Reasons for revisions between vintages

  • 1. The 10-year reference window is shifted by one year.
  • 2. Existing GDP data might be revised.
  • 3. New variables might become available

and some might no longer be published.

  • Consequently, the set of variables selected and their loading coefficients

might change from one vintage to another.

  • That is, we allow the composite indicator to learn

using a largely automatised procedure

  • 12. Juni 2015

20 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Bruttoinlandprodukt und KOF-Barometer

Sources: Seco, KOF

  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 % (VMV) 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 KOF Barometer

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SLIDE 11
  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm
  • 12. Juni 2015

KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich 11

  • 12. Juni 2015

21 2nd Swiss Workshop on Data Science

Conclusions

  • Forecasts and Indicators have become more data intensive
  • More and more time series have become available

– KOF Economic Barometer uses about 5000 different time series

  • Computation time have gone down substantially

– techniques to use this have been, and continue to be, developed – Estimating large-scale Bayesian VAR models

  • Macroeconomic theory have become more micro-based
  • Macroeconomic researchers are more and more using

firm-, consumer- and product-specific information – KOF Surprise Indicator (firm-specific information) – Research using product data from Swiss Customs Administration

  • 12. Juni 2015

The Use of Ever Increasing Datasets in Macroeconomic Forecasting

  • Prof. Dr. Jan-Egbert Sturm