THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE --- --- TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE IMPLICATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS IMPLICATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS JOO CARAA Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and


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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY BY SCIENCE ---

  • IMPLICATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS

IMPLICATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS JOÃO CARAÇA

Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and and Institute of Economics and Business Institute of Economics and Business Administration (ISEG/UTL) Administration (ISEG/UTL)

GLOBELICS CONFERENCE GLOBELICS CONFERENCE RIO, 3.NOVEMBER.2003 RIO, 3.NOVEMBER.2003

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«Democritus (...) is the last of the Greek philosophers to be free from a certain fault which vitiated all later ancient and medieval thought (...). Their attitude, in the main, was genuinely scientific whenever it did not merely embody the prejudices of their age. But it was not

  • nly scientific; it was imaginative and vigorous and filled with the

delight of adventure. They were interested in everything --- meteors and eclipses, fishes and whirlwinds, religion and morality: with a penetrating intellect they combined the zest of children. From this point onwards, there are first certain seeds of decay, in spite of previously unmatched achievement, and then a gradual

  • decadence. What is amiss, even in the best philosophy after

Democritus, is an undue emphasis on man as compared with the

  • universe. First comes scepticism, with the Sophists, leading to a

study of how we know rather than to the attempt to acquire fresh

  • knowledge. Then comes, with Socrates, the emphasis on ethics;

with Plato, the rejection of the world of sense in favour of the self-created world of pure thought; with Aristotle, the belief in purpose as the fundamental concept in science. (...) After their time, there was a decay of vigour, and a gradual recrudescence of popular superstition». Bertrand Russell A History of Western Philosophy (1945).

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HOW KNOWLEDGE EVOLVES HOW KNOWLEDGE EVOLVES

SURVIVAL SURVIVAL

FORCE FORCE EMOTION EMOTION TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUE RITUAL RITUAL

  • food

food

  • transport

transport

  • tools &

tools & materials materials

  • processes

processes

  • culture &

culture &

  • rganization

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE SCIENCE

  • rganization

TACIT EXPLICIT TACIT EXPLICIT DISCIPLINARY DISCIPLINARY Source : Caraça 2001

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TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOCIETY TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOCIETY

CHANGE CHANGE ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT

(SURVIVAL) (SURVIVAL) COMPETITION

SOCIAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL

COMPETITION

ORGANIZATIONAL

I N N O V A T I O N I N N O V A T I O N perception perception attitude attitude

RISK RISK

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL

adaptation adaptation learning learning

TIME TIME

Source: Polanyi 1944

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IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW PROCESS OF IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (S T) TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (S T) -

  • I

I

  • 1. New sectors
  • 1. New sectors of
  • f economic activity (hi

economic activity (hi-

  • tech

tech) )

  • 2. A new discipline (science policy / STS)
  • 2. A new discipline (science policy / STS)

3.

  • 3. A new

A new political political need need ( (diffusion, pus, pas, pes) diffusion, pus, pas, pes)

  • 4. New concepts (S&T; R&D)
  • 4. New concepts (S&T; R&D)
  • 5. New societal relationships
  • 5. New societal relationships (

(university university/ /industry industry) )

  • 6. A new structure (S&T system
  • 6. A new structure (S&T system)

)

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SLIDE 6

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW PROCESS OF IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (S T) TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (S T) -

  • II

II

  • 7. New universities (the research university
  • 7. New universities (the research university)

)

  • 8. A new academic degree
  • 8. A new academic degree (

(the research Ph.D) the research Ph.D)

  • 9. A new profession
  • 9. A new profession (

(scientific researcher scientific researcher) )

  • 10. A new skill
  • 10. A new skill/

/craft (technology management craft (technology management) )

  • 11. The two Cultures
  • 11. The two Cultures
  • 12. A new mode of knowledge creation
  • 12. A new mode of knowledge creation (

(Mode 2) Mode 2)

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SLIDE 7

SOURCE: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators-2002

U.S. R&D funding, by source

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SOURCE: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators-2002

Federal R&D support, by performing sector: 1953-2000

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CHANGING RELATIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE, CHANGING RELATIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, THE ECONOMY & SOCIETY TECHNOLOGY, THE ECONOMY & SOCIETY

globalization of the globalization of the markets global opportunities/ global opportunities/ greed greed/ /institutions ? markets institutions ? communicating/ communicating/ analysing analysing/ /deciding ? mutation in work and mutation in work and employment employment deciding ? new skills new skills/ /learning/ learning/ citizenship ? a more technological a more technological society citizenship ? society more science more science-

  • based

based technology “ “commodization” or commodization” or emancipation ? technology emancipation ?