The THUMS TM Human Models - Overview - Dirk Fressmann DYNAmore GmbH Infotag Human Modeling Stuttgart, Juni 2016 Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 1
Human Models … • developed as direct model of the human body • represent additional tools to evaluate injury risks and develop/improve passive and active safety systems • „vehicle optimisation w.r.t. to humans, rather than dummies“ • reproduce anatomical geometry and biomechanical properties of the human body • e.g. geometry, skeletal structure, joints, stiffness- and mass distribution, etc. • AM50, AM95, AF05, 6YO, (individual) • are used in crash, ergonomics, seating comfort, sport sciences, etc. • simulation of the kinematics of the human body • stress- and strain evaluations in bones and joints • recent, more detailed models may also allow deeper analysis of organ injuries or more general injury mechanisms Comparison WorldSID, Hybrid III, THUMS V3, THUMS V4 Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 2
From Dummy to Human Model • From human to dummy and to virtual dummy model • From human to virtual (numerical) human model Experiment Numerical Simulation numerical Model human human model Model permanent development numerical Crash Test Model dummy- Dummy model Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 3
Available Human Models • THUMS TM – Total HUman Model for Safety • developed by Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc. since 2000 • additional research institutes involved (e.g. WSU, Detroit/Michigan) • 2 versions with 2 levels of detailing • GHBMC-Models – Global Human Body Model Consortium • Members: Chrysler, GM, Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Takata • development at various US universities (Wake Forest, Uni of Virginia, Uni Waterloo, IFSTTAR) simplified and detailed GHBMC occupant models THUMS V4 [Courtesy by www.ghbmc.com] pedestrian and occupant models Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 4
Model Variants and Versions • Versions not available anymore • 1.0 – first version (since ~2000) THUMS V5, • 1.4/1.6 – first usable generation (since 2004) relaxed and braced state • 3.0 – third generation (beginning of 2008) • 4.0x – fourth (current) generation (end 2010) current version: Version 4.02 • Version 5.0 – based on Version 3, including muscle modeling • academic and commercial versions available • only civil usage permitted THUMS THUMS THUMS THUMS V1.x V3 V4 V4.02 Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 5
Model Variants and Versions THUMS Occupant Model • occupant simulations, belt development, airbags, etc. • higher biofidelity → front/side/rear crash situations • driver & co-driver postures • interest in “THUMS Family” AM95, AM50, AF05, etc. THUMS Pedestrian Model • pedestrian safety simulations (head impact time and location, qualitative injury evaluation) • variation of posture, stance or model size • additional interest in „THUMS Family“ (different model sizes – AM95, AM50, AF05, 6YO, ...) • basically same modelling techniques for occupant and pedestrian with slight modifications (V3: internal organs, shoulder, material properties + failure behaviour) Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 6
Model Variants and Versions THUMS Model Versions 1.x and 3.0 • mostly based on literature data (geometry and material properties) • simple materials (mostly elastic, elastic-plastic, viscoelastic) • AM50 model size, comparable to size of corresponding dummy models • exclusively used for kinematical evaluations Versions 1.4/1.6 (ca. 2004-06) Version 3.0 (beginning of 2008) • kinematical model (skeletal structure, joints, • refined head model (based on CT-scans) flesh, simplified organs, simple head model) • also: material adaptations, slight geometrical changes • theoretically head injury simulations simple head model THUMS V1.x possible enhanced head model THUMS V3 THUMS 2 nd Generation THUMS 1 st Generation Version 3.0 Version 1.x Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 7
Model Variants and Versions Current Version: THUMS Model Version 4.x • no model update → new model rebuilt from scratch • geometry obtained from medical CT scans • basis: 39 year-old male (173cm, 77.3kg, BMI 25.8) • scaled to AM50 model (178.6cm, 74.3kg) → realistic geometry • very high detailing of joints, internal organs, head, … • model parameters • element size 3-5mm, 1.8Mio elements, 630,000 nodes • mainly solid elements (hexa/tetra mesh) and some shell meshing THUMS 4 occupant and pedestrian models occupant upper body pedestrian thorax Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 8
Model Variants and Versions THUMS THUMS THUMS V3.0 THUMS V4.0 THUMS occupant V1.61 V4.02 (not available) (not available) models (current) parts 1,350 1,576 1,273 1,293 nodes 66,729 104,489 628,358 762,997 elements 91,204 143,044 1,755,284 1,921,772 - deformable 70,019 118,484 1,749,575 1,916,310 - rigid 21,185 24,560 5,709 5,462 contacts 176 220 19 9 - tied 21 30 9 0 - sliding 155 190 10 9 time step size 8.55e-4 ms 3.88e-4 ms 1.45e-4 ms 4.97e-5 ms THUMS V4.02 THUMS V4 THUMS V1.x THUMS V3 Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 9
THUMS Validation Basis • Geometry (V1/3) and materials mainly from literature • Yamada H., Strength of Biological Materials , Williams & Wilkins Company, 1970 • Clemente, C.D., Gray‘s Anatomy, 30th American Edition of the Anatomy of the Human body by Henry Gray, Lea & Febiger, PA, 1985 • Schneider, L.W. et al., Development of anthropometrically-based design specifications for an advanced adult anthropomorphic dummy family , Volume 1, UMTRI-83-53-1, NHTSA, 1983 • and others. • Experiments on human material ethically highly problematical • Standard-Pendulum tests validated by Cadaver Tests (Ethics?) • Thorax – lateral, frontal; Pelvis – lateral • Leg – lateral knee impact • Head/neck – lateral and frontal impact • Evaluation of test corridors , thus upper and lower bounds of experimental data, mainly in the form of force-intrusion curves • Problem: Validation sources partly old and reliability/validity often unknown Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 10
THUMS Modeling Details – Skeletal Structure bone structure - trabecular bones (solids) - cortical bones (shells) THUMS V4 + V3 THUMS V3 + V4 occupant model pedestrian models Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 11
THUMS Modeling Details – Head and Cranium THUMS V3/4 eye THUMS V1.x head THUMS V3/4 head THUMS V3/4 cranium THUMS V3/4 brain Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 12
THUMS Modeling Details – Spine and Thorax Source: Sobotta THUMS V3/4 vertebrae THUMS V3 + V4 pedestrian THUMS V3/V4 spine + thorax pedestrian thorax Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 13
THUMS Modeling Details – Lower Extremities Source: Sobotta THUMS V3/V4 femural pelvis area bone knee with patella, THUMS V3/V4 meniscus foot detail and ligaments tibia and fibula bones THUMS V3/v4 pedestrian knee detail Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 14
THUMS Modeling Details – Internal Organs THUMS Version 4.0 THUMS Version 1.x/3.0 • coarse organ modelling in THUMS v1.x-3.0 • due to coarse meshing and required model stability • (fine) organ modelling in THUMS version 4.0 Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 15
Application Example – Pedestrian Model THUMS V3 from left and right side THUMS V4 left impact and zoom on different kinematical behaviour stress distribution in lower extremities Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 16
Application Example – Occupant Model Occupant Barrier Impact – THUMS 3 vs THUMS 4 THUMS V3 impact from left total model and THUMS V4 impact from left total model and zoom on shoulder belt zoom on shoulder belt Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 17
Special Topic: Model Shape Modification and Positioning Aktuelles von den THUMS Menschmodellen, Dirk Fressmann, 2016, DYNAmore GmbH 18
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